Method and device for transmitting s-prs in nr v2x

ABSTRACT

A method for operation of a first device ( 100 ) in a wireless communication system is proposed. The method can comprise the steps of: determining a transmission parameter relating to a sidelink positioning reference signal (S-PRS) on the basis of information obtained by means of the first device ( 100 ); and transmitting the S-PRS on the basis of the transmission parameter.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE Field of the disclosure

This disclosure relates to a wireless communication system.

Related Art

Sidelink (SL) communication is a communication scheme in which a directlink is established between User Equipments (UEs) and the UEs exchangevoice and data directly with each other without intervention of anevolved Node B (eNB). SL communication is under consideration as asolution to the overhead of an eNB caused by rapidly increasing datatraffic.

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) refers to a communication technology throughwhich a vehicle exchanges information with another vehicle, apedestrian, an object having an infrastructure (or infra) establishedtherein, and so on. The V2X may be divided into 4 types, such asvehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I),vehicle-to-network (V2N), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P). The V2Xcommunication may be provided via a PC5 interface and/or Uu interface.

Meanwhile, as a wider range of communication devices require largercommunication capacities, the need for mobile broadband communicationthat is more enhanced than the existing Radio Access Technology (RAT) isrising. Accordingly, discussions are made on services and user equipment(UE) that are sensitive to reliability and latency. And, a nextgeneration radio access technology that is based on the enhanced mobilebroadband communication, massive Machine Type Communication (MTC),Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC), and so on, may bereferred to as a new radio access technology (RAT) or new radio (NR).Herein, the NR may also support vehicle-to-everything (V2X)communication.

FIG. 1 is a drawing for describing V2X communication based on NR,compared to V2X communication based on RAT used before NR. Theembodiment of FIG. 1 may be combined with various embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

Regarding V2X communication, a scheme of providing a safety service,based on a V2X message such as BSM(Basic Safety Message),CAM(Cooperative Awareness Message), and DENM(Decentralized EnvironmentalNotification Message) is focused in the discussion on the RAT usedbefore the NR. The V2X message may include position information, dynamicinformation, attribute information, or the like. For example, a UE maytransmit a periodic message type CAM and/or an event triggered messagetype DENM to another UE.

For example, the CAM may include dynamic state information of thevehicle such as direction and speed, static data of the vehicle such asa size, and basic vehicle information such as an exterior illuminationstate, route details, or the like. For example, the UE may broadcast theCAM, and latency of the CAM may be less than 100 ms. For example, the UEmay generate the DENM and transmit it to another UE in an unexpectedsituation such as a vehicle breakdown, accident, or the like. Forexample, all vehicles within a transmission range of the UE may receivethe CAM and/or the DENM. In this case, the DENM may have a higherpriority than the CAM.

Thereafter, regarding V2X communication, various V2X scenarios areproposed in NR. For example, the various V2X scenarios may includevehicle platooning, advanced driving, extended sensors, remote driving,or the like.

For example, based on the vehicle platooning, vehicles may move togetherby dynamically forming a group. For example, in order to perform platoonoperations based on the vehicle platooning, the vehicles belonging tothe group may receive periodic data from a leading vehicle. For example,the vehicles belonging to the group may decrease or increase an intervalbetween the vehicles by using the periodic data.

For example, based on the advanced driving, the vehicle may besemi-automated or fully automated. For example, each vehicle may adjusttrajectories or maneuvers, based on data obtained from a local sensor ofa proximity vehicle and/or a proximity logical entity. In addition, forexample, each vehicle may share driving intention with proximityvehicles.

For example, based on the extended sensors, raw data, processed data, orlive video data obtained through the local sensors may be exchangedbetween a vehicle, a logical entity, a UE of pedestrians, and/or a V2Xapplication server. Therefore, for example, the vehicle may recognize amore improved environment than an environment in which a self-sensor isused for detection.

For example, based on the remote driving, for a person who cannot driveor a remote vehicle in a dangerous environment, a remote driver or a V2Xapplication may operate or control the remote vehicle. For example, if aroute is predictable such as public transportation, cloud computingbased driving may be used for the operation or control of the remotevehicle. In addition, for example, an access for a cloud-based back-endservice platform may be considered for the remote driving.

Meanwhile, a scheme of specifying service requirements for various V2Xscenarios such as vehicle platooning, advanced driving, extendedsensors, remote driving, or the like is discussed in NR-based V2Xcommunication.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE Technical Solutions

According to an embodiment, a method of operating a first apparatus 100in a wireless communication system is proposed. The method may comprise:determining a transmission parameter related to a sidelink positioningreference signal (S-PRS) based on information obtained by the firstapparatus 100; and transmitting the S-PRS based on the transmissionparameter.

Effects Of The Disclosure

The user equipment (UE) may efficiently perform SL communication.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a drawing for describing V2X communication based on NR,compared to V2X communication based on RAT used before NR.

FIG. 2 shows a structure of an NR system, in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 shows a functional division between an NG-RAN and a 5GC, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 shows a radio protocol architecture, in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 shows a structure of an NR system, in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 shows a structure of a slot of an NR frame, in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a BWP, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 8 shows a radio protocol architecture for a SL communication, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 shows a UE performing V2X or SL communication, in accordance withan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 shows a procedure of performing V2X or SL communication by a UEbased on a transmission mode, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 11 shows three cast types, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 12 shows a resource unit for CBR measurement, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 shows an example of an architecture in a 5G system in whichpositioning of a UE connected to a Next Generation-Radio Access Network(NG-RAN) or E-UTRAN is possible, according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 14 shows an implementation example of a network for measuring alocation of a UE, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 15 shows an example of a protocol layer used to support LTEPositioning Protocol (LPP) message transmission between an LMF and a UEaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 16 shows an example of a protocol layer used to support NRPositioning Protocol A (NRPPa) PDU transmission between an LMF and anNG-RAN node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 17 is a diagram for explaining an Observed Time Difference OfArrival (OTDOA) positioning method according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 18 shows a positioning procedure performed based on an S-PRS,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 19 shows a positioning procedure performed based on S-PRS,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 20 shows a positioning procedure performed based on an S-PRS,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 21 shows a procedure for a first apparatus to transmit an S-PRSaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 22 shows a procedure for a first apparatus to receive an S-PRSaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 23 shows a communication system 1, in accordance with an embodimentof the present disclosure.

FIG. 24 shows wireless devices, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 25 shows a signal process circuit for a transmission signal, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 26 shows a wireless device, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 27 shows a hand-held device, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 28 shows a car or an autonomous vehicle, in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

In the present specification, “A or B” may mean “only A”, “only B” or“both A and B.” In other words, in the present specification, “A or B”may be interpreted as “A and/or B”. For example, in the presentspecification, “A, B, or C” may mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or“any combination of A, B, C”.

A slash (/) or comma used in the present specification may mean“and/or”. For example, “A/B” may mean “A and/or B”. Accordingly, “A/B”may mean “only A”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. For example, “A, B, C”may mean “A, B, or C”.

In the present specification, “at least one of A and B” may mean “onlyA”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. In addition, in the presentspecification, the expression “at least one of A or B” or “at least oneof A and/or B” may be interpreted as “at least one of A and B”.

In addition, in the present specification, “at least one of A, B, and C”may mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B, andC”. In addition, “at least one of A, B, or C” or “at least one of A, B,and/or C” may mean “at least one of A, B, and C”.

In addition, a parenthesis used in the present specification may mean“for example”. Specifically, when indicated as “control information(PDCCH)”, it may mean that “PDCCH” is proposed as an example of the“control information”. In other words, the “control information” of thepresent specification is not limited to “PDCCH”, and “PDCCH” may beproposed as an example of the “control information”. In addition, whenindicated as “control information (i.e., PDCCH)”, it may also mean that“PDCCH” is proposed as an example of the “control information”.

A technical feature described individually in one figure in the presentspecification may be individually implemented, or may be simultaneouslyimplemented.

The technology described below may be used in various wirelesscommunication systems such as code division multiple access (CDMA),frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access(TDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), singlecarrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), and so on. TheCDMA may be implemented with a radio technology, such as universalterrestrial radio access (UTRA) or CDMA-2000. The TDMA may beimplemented with a radio technology, such as global system for mobilecommunications (GSM)/general packet ratio service (GPRS)/enhanced datarate for GSM evolution (EDGE). The OFDMA may be implemented with a radiotechnology, such as institute of electrical and electronics engineers(IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, evolved UTRA(E-UTRA), and so on. IEEE 802.16m is an evolved version of IEEE 802.16eand provides backward compatibility with a system based on the IEEE802.16e. The UTRA is part of a universal mobile telecommunication system(UMTS). 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution(LTE) is part of an evolved UMTS (E-UMTS) using the E-UTRA. The 3GPP LTEuses the OFDMA in a downlink and uses the SC-FDMA in an uplink.LTE-advanced (LTE-A) is an evolution of the LTE.

5G NR is a successive technology of LTE-A corresponding to a newClean-slate type mobile communication system having the characteristicsof high performance, low latency, high availability, and so on. 5G NRmay use resources of all spectrum available for usage including lowfrequency bands of less than 1 GHz, middle frequency bands ranging from1 GHz to 10 GHz, high frequency (millimeter waves) of 24 GHz or more,and so on.

For clarity in the description, the following description will mostlyfocus on LTE-A or 5G NR. However, technical features according to anembodiment of the present disclosure will not be limited only to this.

FIG. 2 shows a structure of an NR system, in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 2 may becombined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 2 , a next generation-radio access network (NG-RAN)may include a BS 20 providing a UE 10 with a user plane and controlplane protocol termination. For example, the BS 20 may include a nextgeneration-Node B (gNB) and/or an evolved-NodeB (eNB). For example, theUE 10 may be fixed or mobile and may be referred to as other terms, suchas a mobile station (MS), a user terminal (UT), a subscriber station(SS), a mobile terminal (MT), wireless device, and so on. For example,the BS may be referred to as a fixed station which communicates with theUE 10 and may be referred to as other terms, such as a base transceiversystem (BTS), an access point (AP), and so on.

The embodiment of FIG. 2 exemplifies a case where only the gNB isincluded. The BSs 20 may be connected to one another via Xn interface.The BS 20 may be connected to one another via 5th generation (5G) corenetwork (5GC) and NG interface. More specifically, the BSs 20 may beconnected to an access and mobility management function (AMF) 30 viaNG-C interface, and may be connected to a user plane function (UPF) 30via NG-U interface.

FIG. 3 shows a functional division between an NG-RAN and a 5GC, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 3 , the gNB may provide functions, such as Inter CellRadio Resource Management (RRM), Radio Bearer (RB) control, ConnectionMobility Control, Radio Admission Control, Measurement Configuration &Provision, Dynamic Resource Allocation, and so on. An AMF may providefunctions, such as Non Access Stratum (NAS) security, idle statemobility processing, and so on. A UPF may provide functions, such asMobility Anchoring, Protocol Data Unit (PDU) processing, and so on. ASession Management Function (SMF) may provide functions, such as userequipment (UE) Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation, PDU sessioncontrol, and so on.

Layers of a radio interface protocol between the UE and the network canbe classified into a first layer (L1), a second layer (L2), and a thirdlayer (L3) based on the lower three layers of the open systeminterconnection (OSI) model that is well-known in the communicationsystem. Among them, a physical (PHY) layer belonging to the first layerprovides an information transfer service by using a physical channel,and a radio resource control (RRC) layer belonging to the third layerserves to control a radio resource between the UE and the network. Forthis, the RRC layer exchanges an RRC message between the UE and the BS.

FIG. 4 shows a radio protocol architecture, in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 4 may becombined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.Specifically, FIG. 4(a) shows a radio protocol architecture for a userplane, and FIG. 4(b) shows a radio protocol architecture for a controlplane. The user plane corresponds to a protocol stack for user datatransmission, and the control plane corresponds to a protocol stack forcontrol signal transmission.

Referring to FIG. 4 , a physical layer provides an upper layer with aninformation transfer service through a physical channel. The physicallayer is connected to a medium access control (MAC) layer which is anupper layer of the physical layer through a transport channel. Data istransferred between the MAC layer and the physical layer through thetransport channel. The transport channel is classified according to howand with what characteristics data is transmitted through a radiointerface.

Between different physical layers, i.e., a physical layer of atransmitter and a physical layer of a receiver, data are transferredthrough the physical channel. The physical channel is modulated using anorthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme, and utilizestime and frequency as a radio resource.

The MAC layer provides services to a radio link control (RLC) layer,which is a higher layer of the MAC layer, via a logical channel. The MAClayer provides a function of mapping multiple logical channels tomultiple transport channels. The MAC layer also provides a function oflogical channel multiplexing by mapping multiple logical channels to asingle transport channel The MAC layer provides data transfer servicesover logical channels.

The RLC layer performs concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly ofRadio Link Control Service Data Unit (RLC SDU). In order to ensurediverse quality of service (QoS) required by a radio bearer (RB), theRLC layer provides three types of operation modes, i.e., a transparentmode (TM), an unacknowledged mode (UM), and an acknowledged mode (AM).An AM RLC provides error correction through an automatic repeat request(ARQ).

A radio resource control (RRC) layer is defined only in the controlplane. The RRC layer serves to control the logical channel, thetransport channel, and the physical channel in association withconfiguration, reconfiguration and release of RBs. The RB is a logicalpath provided by the first layer (i.e., the physical layer or the PHYlayer) and the second layer (i.e., the MAC layer, the RLC layer, and thepacket data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer) for data delivery betweenthe UE and the network.

Functions of a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer in the userplane include user data delivery, header compression, and ciphering.Functions of a PDCP layer in the control plane include control-planedata delivery and ciphering/integrity protection.

A service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer is defined only in auser plane. The SDAP layer performs mapping between a Quality of Service(QoS) flow and a data radio bearer (DRB) and QoS flow ID (QFI) markingin both DL and UL packets.

The configuration of the RB implies a process for specifying a radioprotocol layer and channel properties to provide a particular serviceand for determining respective detailed parameters and operations. TheRB can be classified into two types, i.e., a signaling RB (SRB) and adata RB (DRB). The SRB is used as a path for transmitting an RRC messagein the control plane. The DRB is used as a path for transmitting userdata in the user plane.

When an RRC connection is established between an RRC layer of the UE andan RRC layer of the E-UTRAN, the UE is in an RRC_CONNECTED state, and,otherwise, the UE may be in an RRC_IDLE state. In case of the NR, anRRC_INACTIVE state is additionally defined, and a UE being in theRRC_INACTIVE state may maintain its connection with a core networkwhereas its connection with the BS is released.

Data is transmitted from the network to the UE through a downlinktransport channel. Examples of the downlink transport channel include abroadcast channel (BCH) for transmitting system information and adownlink-shared channel (SCH) for transmitting user traffic or controlmessages. Traffic of downlink multicast or broadcast services or thecontrol messages can be transmitted on the downlink-SCH or an additionaldownlink multicast channel (MCH). Data is transmitted from the UE to thenetwork through an uplink transport channel. Examples of the uplinktransport channel include a random access channel (RACH) fortransmitting an initial control message and an uplink SCH fortransmitting user traffic or control messages.

Examples of logical channels belonging to a higher channel of thetransport channel and mapped onto the transport channels include abroadcast channel (BCCH), a paging control channel (PCCH), a commoncontrol channel (CCCH), a multicast control channel (MCCH), a multicasttraffic channel (MTCH), etc.

The physical channel includes several OFDM symbols in a time domain andseveral sub-carriers in a frequency domain. One sub-frame includes aplurality of OFDM symbols in the time domain. A resource block is a unitof resource allocation, and consists of a plurality of OFDM symbols anda plurality of sub-carriers. Further, each subframe may use specificsub-carriers of specific OFDM symbols (e.g., a first OFDM symbol) of acorresponding subframe for a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH),i.e., an L1/L2 control channel. A transmission time interval (TTI) is aunit time of subframe transmission.

FIG. 5 shows a structure of an NR system, in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 5 may becombined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 5 , in the NR, a radio frame may be used forperforming uplink and downlink transmission. A radio frame has a lengthof 10 ms and may be defined to be configured of two half-frames (HFs). Ahalf-frame may include five 1 ms subframes (SFs). A subframe (SF) may bedivided into one or more slots, and the number of slots within asubframe may be determined in accordance with subcarrier spacing (SCS).Each slot may include 12 or 14 OFDM(A) symbols according to a cyclicprefix (CP).

In case of using a normal CP, each slot may include 14 symbols. In caseof using an extended CP, each slot may include 12 symbols. Herein, asymbol may include an OFDM symbol (or CP-OFDM symbol) and a SingleCarrier-FDMA (SC-FDMA) symbol (or Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM(DFT-s-OFDM) symbol).

Table 1 shown below represents an example of a number of symbols perslot (N^(slot) _(symb)), a number slots per frame (N^(frame,u) _(slot)),and a number of slots per subframe (N^(subframe,u) _(slot)) inaccordance with an SCS configuration (u), in a case where a normal CP isused.

TABLE 1 SCS (15*2^(u)) N_(symb) ^(slot) N_(slot) ^(frame,u) N_(slot)^(subframe,u)  15 KHz (u = 0) 14  10  1  30 KHz (u = l) 14  20  2  60KHz (u = 2) 14  40  4 120 KHz (u = 3) 14  80  8 240 KHz (u = 4) 14 16016

Table 2 shows an example of a number of symbols per slot, a number ofslots per frame, and a number of slots per subframe in accordance withthe SCS, in a case where an extended CP is used.

TABLE 2 SCS (15*2^(u)) N_(symb) ^(slot) N_(slot) ^(fame,u) N_(slot)^(subframe,u) 60 KHz (u = 2) 12 40 4

In an NR system, OFDM(A) numerologies (e.g., SCS, CP length, and so on)between multiple cells being integrate to one UE may be differentlyconfigured. Accordingly, a (absolute time) duration (or section) of atime resource (e.g., subframe, slot or TTI) (collectively referred to asa time unit (TU) for simplicity) being configured of the same number ofsymbols may be differently configured in the integrated cells.

In the NR, multiple numerologies or SCSs for supporting diverse 5Gservices may be supported. For example, in case an SCS is 15 kHz, a widearea of the conventional cellular bands may be supported, and, in casean SCS is 30 kHz/60 kHz a dense-urban, lower latency, wider carrierbandwidth may be supported. In case the SCS is 60 kHz or higher, abandwidth that is greater than 24.25 GHz may be used in order toovercome phase noise.

An NR frequency band may be defined as two different types of frequencyranges. The two different types of frequency ranges may be FR1 and FR2.The values of the frequency ranges may be changed (or varied), and, forexample, the two different types of frequency ranges may be as shownbelow in Table 3. Among the frequency ranges that are used in an NRsystem, FR1 may mean a “sub 6 GHz range”, and FR2 may mean an “above 6GHz range” and may also be referred to as a millimeter wave (mmW).

TABLE 3 Frequency Range Corresponding Subcarrier designation frequencyrange Spacing (SCS) FR1  450 MHz-6000 MHz 15, 30, 60 kHz FR2 24250MHz-52600 MHz 60, 120, 240 kHz

As described above, the values of the frequency ranges in the NR systemmay be changed (or varied). For example, as shown below in Table 4, FR1may include a band within a range of 410 MHz to 7125 MHz. Morespecifically, FR1 may include a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900,5925 MHz, and so on) and higher. For example, a frequency band of 6 GHz(or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, and so on) and higher being included in FR1mat include an unlicensed band. The unlicensed band may be used fordiverse purposes, e.g., the unlicensed band for vehicle-specificcommunication (e.g., automated driving).

TABLE 4 Frequency Range Corresponding Subcarrier designation frequencyrange Spacing (SCS) FR1  410 MHz-7125 MHz 15, 30, 60 kHz FR2 24250MHz-52600 MHz 60, 120, 240 kHz

FIG. 6 shows a structure of a slot of an NR frame, in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 6 , a slot includes a plurality of symbols in a timedomain. For example, in case of a normal CP, one slot may include 14symbols. However, in case of an extended CP, one slot may include 12symbols. Alternatively, in case of a normal CP, one slot may include 7symbols. However, in case of an extended CP, one slot may include 6symbols.

A carrier includes a plurality of subcarriers in a frequency domain. AResource Block (RB) may be defined as a plurality of consecutivesubcarriers (e.g., 12 subcarriers) in the frequency domain. A BandwidthPart (BWP) may be defined as a plurality of consecutive (Physical)Resource Blocks ((P)RBs) in the frequency domain, and the BWP maycorrespond to one numerology (e.g., SCS, CP length, and so on). Acarrier may include a maximum of N number BWPs (e.g., 5 BWPs). Datacommunication may be performed via an activated BWP. Each element may bereferred to as a Resource Element (RE) within a resource grid and onecomplex symbol may be mapped to each element.

Meanwhile, a radio interface between a UE and another UE or a radiointerface between the UE and a network may consist of an L1 layer, an L2layer, and an L3 layer. In various embodiments of the presentdisclosure, the L1 layer may imply a physical layer. In addition, forexample, the L2 layer may imply at least one of a MAC layer, an RLClayer, a PDCP layer, and an SDAP layer. In addition, for example, the L3layer may imply an RRC layer.

Hereinafter, a bandwidth part (BWP) and a carrier will be described.

The BWP may be a set of consecutive physical resource blocks (PRBs) in agiven numerology. The PRB may be selected from consecutive sub-sets ofcommon resource blocks (CRBs) for the given numerology on a givencarrier.

When using bandwidth adaptation (BA), a reception bandwidth andtransmission bandwidth of a UE are not necessarily as large as abandwidth of a cell, and the reception bandwidth and transmissionbandwidth of the BS may be adjusted. For example, a network/BS mayinform the UE of bandwidth adjustment. For example, the UE receiveinformation/configuration for bandwidth adjustment from the network/BS.In this case, the UE may perform bandwidth adjustment based on thereceived information/configuration. For example, the bandwidthadjustment may include an increase/decrease of the bandwidth, a positionchange of the bandwidth, or a change in subcarrier spacing of thebandwidth.

For example, the bandwidth may be decreased during a period in whichactivity is low to save power. For example, the position of thebandwidth may move in a frequency domain. For example, the position ofthe bandwidth may move in the frequency domain to increase schedulingflexibility. For example, the subcarrier spacing of the bandwidth may bechanged. For example, the subcarrier spacing of the bandwidth may bechanged to allow a different service. A subset of a total cell bandwidthof a cell may be called a bandwidth part (BWP). The BA may be performedwhen the BS/network configures the BWP to the UE and the BS/networkinforms the UE of the BWP currently in an active state among theconfigured BWPs.

For example, the BWP may be at least any one of an active BWP, aninitial BWP, and/or a default BWP. For example, the UE may not monitordownlink radio link quality in a DL BWP other than an active DL BWP on aprimary cell (PCell). For example, the UE may not receive PDCCH, PDSCH,or CSI-RS (excluding RRM) outside the active DL BWP. For example, the UEmay not trigger a channel state information (CSI) report for theinactive DL BWP. For example, the UE may not transmit PUCCH or PUSCHoutside an active UL BWP. For example, in a downlink case, the initialBWP may be given as a consecutive RB set for an RMSI CORESET (configuredby PBCH). For example, in an uplink case, the initial BWP may be givenby SIB for a random access procedure. For example, the default BWP maybe configured by a higher layer. For example, an initial value of thedefault BWP may be an initial DL BWP. For energy saving, if the UE failsto detect DCI during a specific period, the UE may switch the active BWPof the UE to the default BWP.

Meanwhile, the BWP may be defined for SL. The same SL BWP may be used intransmission and reception. For example, a transmitting UE may transmitan SL channel or an SL signal on a specific BWP, and a receiving UE mayreceive the SL channel or the SL signal on the specific BWP. In alicensed carrier, the SL BWP may be defined separately from a Uu BWP,and the SL BWP may have configuration signaling separate from the UuBWP. For example, the UE may receive a configuration for the SL BWP fromthe BS/network. The SL BWP may be (pre-)configured in a carrier withrespect to an out-of-coverage NR V2X UE and an RRC_IDLE UE. For the UEin the RRC_CONNECTED mode, at least one SL BWP may be activated in thecarrier.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a BWP, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 7 may be combined withvarious embodiments of the present disclosure. It is assumed in theembodiment of FIG. 7 that the number of BWPs is 3.

Referring to FIG. 7 , a common resource block (CRB) may be a carrierresource block numbered from one end of a carrier band to the other endthereof. In addition, the PRB may be a resource block numbered withineach BWP. A point A may indicate a common reference point for a resourceblock grid.

The BWP may be configured by a point A, an offset N^(start) _(BWP) fromthe point A, and a bandwidth N^(size) _(BWP). For example, the point Amay be an external reference point of a PRB of a carrier in which asubcarrier 0 of all numerologies (e.g., all numerologies supported by anetwork on that carrier) is aligned. For example, the offset may be aPRB interval between a lowest subcarrier and the point A in a givennumerology. For example, the bandwidth may be the number of PRBs in thegiven numerology.

Hereinafter, V2X or SL communication will be described.

FIG. 8 shows a radio protocol architecture for a SL communication, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodimentof FIG. 8 may be combined with various embodiments of the presentdisclosure. More specifically, FIG. 8(a) shows a user plane protocolstack, and FIG. 8(b) shows a control plane protocol stack.

Hereinafter, a sidelink synchronization signal (SLSS) andsynchronization information will be described.

The SLSS may include a primary sidelink synchronization signal (PSSS)and a secondary sidelink synchronization signal (SSSS), as anSL-specific sequence. The PSSS may be referred to as a sidelink primarysynchronization signal (S-PSS), and the SSSS may be referred to as asidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS). For example,length-127 M-sequences may be used for the S-PSS, and length-127 goldsequences may be used for the S-SSS. For example, a UE may use the S-PSSfor initial signal detection and for synchronization acquisition. Forexample, the UE may use the S-PSS and the S-SSS for acquisition ofdetailed synchronization and for detection of a synchronization signalID.

A physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) may be a (broadcast)channel for transmitting default (system) information which must befirst known by the UE before SL signal transmission/reception. Forexample, the default information may be information related to SLSS, aduplex mode (DM), a time division duplex (TDD) uplink/downlink (UL/DL)configuration, information related to a resource pool, a type of anapplication related to the SLSS, a subframe offset, broadcastinformation, or the like. For example, for evaluation of PSBCHperformance, in NR V2X, a payload size of the PSBCH may be 56 bitsincluding 24-bit CRC.

The S-PSS, the S-SSS, and the PSBCH may be included in a block format(e.g., SL synchronization signal (SS)/PSBCH block, hereinafter,sidelink-synchronization signal block (S-SSB)) supporting periodicaltransmission. The S-SSB may have the same numerology (i.e., SCS and CPlength) as a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH)/physical sidelinkshared channel (PSSCH) in a carrier, and a transmission bandwidth mayexist within a (pre-)configured sidelink (SL) BWP. For example, theS-SSB may have a bandwidth of 11 resource blocks (RBs). For example, thePSBCH may exist across 11 RBs. In addition, a frequency position of theS-SSB may be (pre-)configured. Accordingly, the UE does not have toperform hypothesis detection at frequency to discover the S-SSB in thecarrier.

FIG. 9 shows a UE performing V2X or SL communication, in accordance withan embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 9 may becombined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 9 , in V2X or SL communication, the term ‘UE’ maygenerally imply a UE of a user. However, if a network equipment such asa BS transmits/receives a signal according to a communication schemebetween UEs, the BS may also be regarded as a sort of the UE. Forexample, a UE 1 may be a first apparatus 100, and a UE 2 may be a secondapparatus 200.

For example, the UE 1 may select a resource unit corresponding to aspecific resource in a resource pool which implies a set of series ofresources. In addition, the UE 1 may transmit an SL signal by using theresource unit. For example, a resource pool in which the UE 1 is capableof transmitting a signal may be configured to the UE 2 which is areceiving UE, and the signal of the UE 1 may be detected in the resourcepool.

Herein, if the UE 1 is within a connectivity range of the BS, the BS mayinform the UE 1 of the resource pool. Otherwise, if the UE 1 is out ofthe connectivity range of the BS, another UE may inform the UE 1 of theresource pool, or the UE 1 may use a pre-configured resource pool.

In general, the resource pool may be configured in unit of a pluralityof resources, and each UE may select a unit of one or a plurality ofresources to use it in SL signal transmission thereof.

Hereinafter, resource allocation in SL will be described.

FIG. 10 shows a procedure of performing V2X or SL communication by a UEbased on a transmission mode, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 10 may be combined withvarious embodiments of the present disclosure. In various embodiments ofthe present disclosure, the transmission mode may be called a mode or aresource allocation mode. Hereinafter, for convenience of explanation,in LTE, the transmission mode may be called an LTE transmission mode. InNR, the transmission mode may be called an NR resource allocation mode.

For example, FIG. 10(a) shows a UE operation related to an LTEtransmission mode 1 or an LTE transmission mode 3. Alternatively, forexample, FIG. 10(a) shows a UE operation related to an NR resourceallocation mode 1. For example, the LTE transmission mode 1 may beapplied to general SL communication, and the LTE transmission mode 3 maybe applied to V2X communication.

For example, FIG. 10(b) shows a UE operation related to an LTEtransmission mode 2 or an LTE transmission mode 4. Alternatively, forexample, FIG. 10(b) shows a UE operation related to an NR resourceallocation mode 2.

Referring to FIG. 10(a), in the LTE transmission mode 1, the LTEtransmission mode 3, or the NR resource allocation mode 1, a BS mayschedule an SL resource to be used by the UE for SL transmission. Forexample, the BS may perform resource scheduling to a UE 1 through aPDCCH (more specifically, downlink control information (DCI)), and theUE 1 may perform V2X or SL communication with respect to a UE 2according to the resource scheduling. For example, the UE 1 may transmita sidelink control information (SCI) to the UE 2 through a physicalsidelink control channel (PSCCH), and thereafter transmit data based onthe SCI to the UE 2 through a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH).

Referring to FIG. 10(b), in the LTE transmission mode 2, the LTEtransmission mode 4, or the NR resource allocation mode 2, the UE maydetermine an SL transmission resource within an SL resource configuredby a BS/network or a pre-configured SL resource. For example, theconfigured SL resource or the pre-configured SL resource may be aresource pool. For example, the UE may autonomously select or schedule aresource for SL transmission. For example, the UE may perform SLcommunication by autonomously selecting a resource within a configuredresource pool. For example, the UE may autonomously select a resourcewithin a selective window by performing a sensing and resource(re)selection procedure. For example, the sensing may be performed inunit of subchannels. In addition, the UE 1 which has autonomouslyselected the resource within the resource pool may transmit the SCI tothe UE 2 through a PSCCH, and thereafter may transmit data based on theSCI to the UE 2 through a PSSCH.

FIG. 11 shows three cast types, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 11 may be combined withvarious embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically, FIG. 11(a)shows broadcast-type SL communication, FIG. 11(b) shows unicast type-SLcommunication, and FIG. 11(c) shows groupcast-type SL communication. Incase of the unicast-type SL communication, a UE may perform one-to-onecommunication with respect to another UE. In case of the groupcast-typeSL transmission, the UE may perform SL communication with respect to oneor more UEs in a group to which the UE belongs. In various embodimentsof the present disclosure, SL groupcast communication may be replacedwith SL multicast communication, SL one-to-many communication, or thelike.

Hereinafter, sidelink (SL) congestion control will be described.

If a UE autonomously determines an SL transmission resource, the UE alsoautonomously determines a size and frequency of use for a resource usedby the UE. Of course, due to a constraint from a network or the like, itmay be restricted to use a resource size or frequency of use, which isgreater than or equal to a specific level. However, if all UEs use arelatively great amount of resources in a situation where many UEs areconcentrated in a specific region at a specific time, overallperformance may significantly deteriorate due to mutual interference.

Accordingly, the UE may need to observe a channel situation. If it isdetermined that an excessively great amount of resources are consumed,it is preferable that the UE autonomously decreases the use ofresources. In the present specification, this may be defined ascongestion control (CR). For example, the UE may determine whetherenergy measured in a unit time/frequency resource is greater than orequal to a specific level, and may adjust an amount and frequency of usefor its transmission resource based on a ratio of the unittime/frequency resource in which the energy greater than or equal to thespecific level is observed. In the present specification, the ratio ofthe time/frequency resource in which the energy greater than or equal tothe specific level is observed may be defined as a channel busy ratio(CBR). The UE may measure the CBR for a channel/frequency. Additionally,the UE may transmit the measured CBR to the network/BS.

FIG. 12 shows a resource unit for CBR measurement, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 12 may becombined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 12 , CBR may denote the number of sub-channels inwhich a measurement result value of a received signal strength indicator(RSSI) has a value greater than or equal to a pre-configured thresholdas a result of measuring the RSSI by a UE on a sub-channel basis for aspecific period (e.g., 100 ms). Alternatively, the CBR may denote aratio of sub-channels having a value greater than or equal to apre-configured threshold among sub-channels for a specific duration. Forexample, in the embodiment of FIG. 12 , if it is assumed that a hatchedsub-channel is a sub-channel having a value greater than or equal to apre-configured threshold, the CBR may denote a ratio of the hatchedsub-channels for a period of 100 ms. Additionally, the CBR may bereported to the BS.

Further, congestion control considering a priority of traffic (e.g.packet) may be necessary. To this end, for example, the UE may measure achannel occupancy ratio (CR). Specifically, the UE may measure the CBR,and the UE may determine a maximum value CRlimitk of a channel occupancyratio k (CRk) that can be occupied by traffic corresponding to eachpriority (e.g., k) based on the CBR. For example, the UE may derive themaximum value CRlimitk of the channel occupancy ratio with respect to apriority of each traffic, based on a predetermined table of CBRmeasurement values. For example, in case of traffic having a relativelyhigh priority, the UE may derive a maximum value of a relatively greatchannel occupancy ratio. Thereafter, the UE may perform congestioncontrol by restricting a total sum of channel occupancy ratios oftraffic, of which a priority k is lower than i, to a value less than orequal to a specific value. Based on this method, the channel occupancyratio may be more strictly restricted for traffic having a relativelylow priority.

In addition, the terminal may perform SL congestion control, usingmethods such as adjusting the size of transmission power, dropping apacket, determining whether to retransmit, and adjusting the size of atransmission RB (Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) adjustment).

FIG. 13 shows an example of an architecture in a 5G system in whichpositioning of a UE connected to a Next Generation-Radio Access Network(NG-RAN) or E-UTRAN is possible, according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 13 may be combined withvarious embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 13 , an AMF may receive a request for a locationservice related to a specific target UE from a different entity such asa gateway mobile location center (GMLC), or may determine to start thelocation service in the AMF itself instead of the specific target UE.Then, the AMF may transmit a location service request to a locationmanagement function (LMF). Upon receiving the location service request,the LMF may process the location service request and return a processingrequest including an estimated location or the like of the UE to theAMF. Meanwhile, if the location service request is received from thedifferent entity such as GMLC other than the AMF, the AMF may transferto the different entity the processing request received from the LMF.

A new generation evolved-NB (ng-eNB) and a gNB are network elements ofNG-RAN capable of providing a measurement result for locationestimation, and may measure a radio signal for a target UE and maytransfer a resultant value to the LMF. In addition, the ng-eNB maycontrol several transmission points (TPs) such as remote radio heads orPRS-dedicated TPs supporting a positioning reference signal (PRS)-basedbeacon system for E-UTRA.

The LMF may be connected to an enhanced serving mobile location centre(E-SMLC), and the E-SMLC may allow the LMF to access E-UTRAN. Forexample, the E-SMLC may allow the LMF to support observed timedifference of arrival (OTDOA), which is one of positioning methods ofE-UTRAN, by using downlink measurement obtained by a target UE through asignal transmitted from the gNB and/or the PRS-dedicated TPs in theE-UTRAN.

Meanwhile, the LMF may be connected to an SUPL location platform (SLP).The LMF may support and manage different location determining servicesfor respective target UEs. The LMF may interact with a serving ng-eNB orserving gNB for the target UE to obtain location measurement of the UE.For positioning of the target UE, the LMF may determine a positioningmethod based on a location service (LCS) client type, a requestedquality of service (QoS), UE positioning capabilities, gNB positioningcapabilities, and ng-eNB positioning capabilities, or the like, and mayapply such a positioning method to the serving gNB and/or the servingng-eNB. In addition, the LMF may determine additional information suchas a location estimation value for the target UE and accuracy oflocation estimation and speed. The SLP is a secure user plane location(SUPL) entity in charge of positioning through a user plane.

The UE may measure a downlink signal through NG-RAN, E-UTRAN, and/orother sources such as different global navigation satellite system(GNSS) and terrestrial beacon system (TBS), wireless local accessnetwork (WLAN) access points, Bluetooth beacons, UE barometric pressuresensors or the like. The UE may include an LCS application. The UE maycommunicate with a network to which the UE has access, or may access theLCS application through another application included in the UE. The LCSapplication may include a measurement and calculation function requiredto determine a location of the UE. For example, the UE may include anindependent positioning function such as a global positioning system(GPS), and may report the location of the UE independent of NG-RANtransmission. Positioning information obtained independently as such maybe utilized as assistance information of the positioning informationobtained from the network.

FIG. 14 shows an implementation example of a network for measuring alocation of a UE, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.The embodiment of FIG. 14 may be combined with various embodiments ofthe present disclosure.

When the UE is in a connection management (CM)-IDLE state, if an AMFreceives a location service request, the AMF may establish a signalingconnection with the UE, and may request for a network trigger service toallocate a specific serving gNB or ng-eNB. Such an operational processis omitted in FIG. 14 . That is, it may be assumed in FIG. 14 that theUE is in a connected mode. However, due to signaling and datainactivation or the like, the signaling connection may be released byNG-RAN while a positioning process is performed.

A network operation process for measuring a location of a UE will bedescribed in detail with reference to FIG. 14 . In step S1410A, a 5GCentity such as GMLC may request a serving AMF to provide a locationservice for measuring a location of a target UE. However, even if theGMLC does not request for the location service, based on step S1410B,the serving AMF may determine that the location service for measuringthe location of the target UE is required. For example, to measure thelocation of the UE for an emergency call, the serving AMF may determineto directly perform the location service.

Thereafter, the AMF may transmit the location service request to an LMFbased on step S1420, and the LMF may start location procedures to obtainlocation measurement data or location measurement assistance datatogether with a serving ng-eNB and a serving gNB. Additionally, based onstep S1430B, the LMF may start location procedures for downlinkpositioning together with the UE. For example, the LMF may transmitassistance data defined in 3GPP TS 36.355, or may obtain a locationestimation value or a location measurement value. Meanwhile, step S1430Bmay be performed additionally after step S1430A is performed, or may beperformed instead of step S1430A.

In step S1440, the LMF may provide a location service response to theAMF. In addition, the location service response may include informationon whether location estimation of the UE is successful and a locationestimation value of the UE. Thereafter, if the procedure of FIG. 14 isinitiated by step S1410A, in step S1450A, the AMF may transfer thelocation service response to a 5GC entity such as GMLC, and if theprocedure of FIG. 14 is initiated by step S1410B, in step S1450B, theAMF may use the location service response to provide a location servicerelated to an emergency call or the like.

FIG. 15 shows an example of a protocol layer used to support LTEPositioning Protocol (LPP) message transmission between an LMF and a UEaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment ofFIG. 15 may be combined with various embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

An LPP PDU may be transmitted through a NAS PDU between an AMF and theUE. Referring to FIG. 15 , an LPP may be terminated between a targetdevice (e.g., a UE in a control plane or an SUPL enabled terminal (SET)in a user plane) and a location server (e.g., an LMF in the controlplane and an SLP in the user plane). The LPP message may be transferredin a form of a transparent PDU through an intermediary network interfaceby using a proper protocol such as an NG application protocol (NGAP)through an NG-control plane (NG-C) interface and NAS/RRC or the likethrough an NR-Uu interface. The LPP protocol may enable positioning forNR and LTE by using various positioning methods.

For example, based on the LPP protocol, the target device and thelocation server may exchange mutual capability information, assistancedata for positioning, and/or location information. In addition, an LPPmessage may be used to indicate exchange of error information and/orinterruption of the LPP procedure.

FIG. 16 shows an example of a protocol layer used to support NRPositioning Protocol A (NRPPa) PDU transmission between an LMF and anNG-RAN node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Theembodiment of FIG. 16 may be combined with various embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

The NRPPa may be used for information exchange between the NG-RAN nodeand the LMF. Specifically, the NRPPa may exchange an enhanced-cell ID(E-CID) for measurement, data for supporting an OTDOA positioningmethod, and a cell-ID, cell location ID, or the like for an NR cell IDpositioning method, transmitted from the ng-eNB to the LMF. Even ifthere is no information on an associated NRPPa transaction, the AMF mayroute NRPPa PDUs based on a routing ID of an associated LMR through anNG-C interface.

A procedure of an NRPPa protocol for location and data collection may beclassified into two types. A first type is a UE associated procedure fortransferring information on a specific UE (e.g., location measurementinformation or the like), and a second type is a non UE associatedprocedure for transferring information (e.g., gNB/ng-eNB/TP timinginformation, etc.) applicable to an NG-RAN node and associated TPs. Thetwo types of the procedure may be independently supported or may besimultaneously supported.

Meanwhile, examples of positioning methods supported in NG-RAN mayinclude GNSS, OTDOA, enhanced cell ID (E-CID), barometric pressuresensor positioning, WLAN positioning, Bluetooth positioning andterrestrial beacon system (TBS), uplink time difference of arrival(UTDOA), etc.

(1) OTDOA (Observed Time Difference Of Arrival)

FIG. 17 is a diagram for explaining an Observed Time Difference OfArrival (OTDOA) positioning method according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 17 may be combined withvarious embodiments of the present disclosure.

The OTDOA positioning method uses measurement timing of downlink signalsreceived by a UE from an eNB, an ng-eNB, and a plurality of TPsincluding a PRS-dedicated TP. The UE measures timing of downlink signalsreceived by using location assistance data received from a locationserver. In addition, a location of the UE may be determined based onsuch a measurement result and geometric coordinates of neighboring TPs.

A UE connected to a gNB may request for a measurement gap for OTDOAmeasurement from the TP. If the UE cannot recognize a single frequencynetwork (SFN) for at least one TP in the OTDOA assistance data, the UEmay use an autonomous gap to obtain an SNF of an OTDOA reference cellbefore the measurement gap is requested to perform reference signal timedifference (RSTD) measurement.

Herein, the RSTD may be defined based on a smallest relative timedifference between boundaries of two subframes received respectivelyfrom a reference cell and a measurement cell. That is, the RSTD may becalculated based on a relative time difference between a start time of asubframe received from the measurement cell and a start time of asubframe of a reference cell closest to the start time of the subframereceived from the measurement cell. Meanwhile, the reference cell may beselected by the UE.

For correct OTDOA measurement, it may be necessary to measure a time ofarrival (TOA) of a signal received from three or more TPs or BSsgeometrically distributed. For example, a TOA may be measured for eachof a TP1, a TP2, and a TP3, and RSTD for TP 1-TP 2, RSTD for TP 2-TP 3,and RSTD for TP 3-TP 1 may be calculated for the three TOAs. Based onthis, a geometric hyperbola may be determined, and a point at whichthese hyperbolas intersect may be estimated as a location of a UE. Inthis case, since accuracy and/or uncertainty for each TOA measurementmay be present, the estimated location of the UE may be known as aspecific range based on measurement uncertainty.

For example, RSTD for two TPs may be calculated based on Equation 1.

$\begin{matrix}{{RSTDi},{1 = {\frac{\sqrt{\left( {x_{t} - x_{i}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{t} - y_{i}} \right)^{2}}}{c} - \frac{\sqrt{\left( {x_{t} - x_{1}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{t} - y_{1}} \right)^{2}}}{c} + \left( {T_{i} - T_{1}} \right) + \left( {n_{i} - n_{1}} \right)}}} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}1} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$

Herein, c may be the speed of light, {x_(t), y_(t)} may be a (unknown)coordinate of a target UE, {x_(i), y_(i)} may be a coordinate of a(known) TP, and {x₁, y₁} may be a coordinate of a reference TP (oranother TP). Herein, (T_(i)-T₁) may be referred to as “real timedifferences (RTDs)” as a transmission time offset between two TPs, andn_(i), n₁ may represent values related to UE TOA measurement errors.

(2) E-CID (Enhanced Cell ID)

In a cell ID (CID) positioning method, a location of a UE may bemeasured through geometric information of a serving ng-eNB, serving gNB,and/or serving cell of the UE. For example, the geometric information ofthe serving ng-eNB, serving gNB, and/or serving cell may be obtainedthrough paging, registration, or the like.

Meanwhile, in addition to the CID positioning method, an E-CIDpositioning method may use additional UE measurement and/or NG-RAN radioresources or the like to improve a UE location estimation value. In theE-CID positioning method, although some of the measurement methods whichare the same as those used in a measurement control system of an RRCprotocol may be used, additional measurement is not performed in generalonly for location measurement of the UE. In other words, a measurementconfiguration or a measurement control message may not be providedadditionally to measure the location of the UE. Also, the UE may notexpect that an additional measurement operation only for locationmeasurement will be requested, and may report a measurement valueobtained through measurement methods in which the UE can performmeasurement in a general manner.

For example, the serving gNB may use an E-UTRA measurement valueprovided from the UE to implement the E-CID positioning method.

Examples of a measurement element that can be used for E-CID positioningmay be as follows.

-   -   UE measurement: E-UTRA reference signal received power (RSRP),        E-UTRA reference signal received quality (RSRQ), UE E-UTRA Rx-Tx        Time difference, GSM EDGE random access network (GERAN)/WLAN        reference signal strength indication (RSSI), UTRAN common pilot        channel (CPICH) received signal code power (RSCP), UTRAN CPICH        Ec/Io    -   E-UTRAN measurement: ng-eNB Rx-Tx Time difference, timing        advance (TADV), angle of arrival (AoA)

Herein, the TADV may be classified into Type 1 and Type 2 as follows.

TADV Type 1=(ng-eNB Rx-Tx time difference)+(UE E-UTRA Rx-Tx timedifference)

TADV Type 2=ng-eNB Rx-Tx time difference

Meanwhile, AoA may be used to measure a direction of the UE. The AoA maybe defined as an estimation angle with respect to the location of the UEcounterclockwise from a BS/TP. In this case, a geographic referencedirection may be north. The BS/TP may use an uplink signal such as asounding reference signal (SRS) and/or a demodulation reference signal(DMRS) for AoA measurement. In addition, the larger the arrangement ofthe antenna array, the higher the measurement accuracy of the AoA. Whenthe antenna arrays are arranged with the same interval, signals receivedfrom adjacent antenna elements may have a constant phase-rotate.

(3) UTDOA (Uplink Time Difference of Arrival)

UTDOA is a method of determining a location of a UE by estimating anarrival time of SRS. When calculating an estimated SRS arrival time, thelocation of the UE may be estimated through an arrival time differencewith respect to another cell (or BS/TP) by using a serving cell as areference cell. In order to implement the UTDOA, E-SMLC may indicate aserving cell of a target UE to indicate SRS transmission to the targetUE. In addition, the E-SMLC may provide a configuration such as whetherthe SRS is periodical/aperiodical, a bandwidth, frequency/group/sequencehopping, or the like.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, SL entitiesincluding a UE or UE-type road side unit (RSU), a base station, etc. maytransmit a reference signal (RS) for positioning related to SLcommunication. For example, in this specification, the RS may bereferred to as a sidelink positioning reference signal (S-PRS). Forexample, an S-PRS may include at least one of a PRS that allows alocation server to be transmitted for positioning through a Uu link, asounding reference signal (SRS), an S-SSB signal transmitted tosynchronize time between UEs, a DM-RS, a Channel State Information RS(CSI-RS), a Cell Specific RS (CRS), a Tracking RS (TRS), and/or a PhaseTracking RS (PT-RS).

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a parameterrelated to transmission of an S-PRS may be (pre-)configured to anotherUE transmitting an S-PRS by at least one SL entity of a base station, alocation server, and/or a UE by a higher layer signaling, or may besignaled by DCI and/or MAC control element (CE), etc.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a UE mayadaptively configure S-PRS transmission parameters, based on a state ofa communication channel or a movement speed of a UE and a configuredrule, rather than (pre)configuring parameters necessary for transmissionof an S-PRS related to SL communication by a gNB or a location server.In the following description, a UE requiring a positioning service isdescribed as a target UE, and a nearby UE participating in a positioningprocedure to support the positioning of the target UE is described as aserver UE.

For example, parameters related to S-PRS transmission or selectable by aUE based on a rule (pre-)configured or signaled by at least one of ahigher layer signaling, a base station, and/or a location server, etc.may include the following. An S-PRS set may mean an S-PRS groupconsisting of one or more S-PRS.

1) a center frequency

2) a bandwidth

3) subcarrier spacing (SCS)

4) the number of symbols per S-PRS in the time domain

5) a comb interval in the frequency domain

6) a transmission period of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set

7) the transmission number of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set

8) a distribution of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set

9) a muting operation

10) a transmission power

For example, a UE may determine a parameter related to transmission ofan S-PRS based on the following measurement values. For example, themeasured values may be obtained by a UE transmitting an S-PRS. Or, forexample, the measured values may be received from another UE by a UEtransmitting an S-PRS.

1) the speed of an apparatus (the absolute speed or the relative speed)

2) the distance between UEs

3) congestion level of a channel

4) the noise and/or interference level of a channel

5) accuracy requirement related to positioning

6) a positioning service priority

7) the strength of a received RS

For example, a high positioning service priority may include a case inwhich a value related to a positioning service priority is a relativelylow number. Or, for example, that a positioning service priority is lowmay include a case in which a value related to a positioning servicepriority is a relatively high number. For example, the received strengthof RS may include reference signal received power (RSRP) and/orreference signal strength indication (RSSI).

For example, any specific threshold mentioned in the description belowmay be pre-defined, (pre-)defined through a higher layer signalingincluding RRC and/or PC5 RRC, etc. from another SL entity including abase station, a location server and/or a UE, etc., or signaled by DCI,SCI and/or MAC CE, etc.

For example, an S-PRS may be composed of one or more symbols in the timedomain composed of a comb pattern in the frequency domain based onparameters related to transmission, in this case, a comb pattern isdetermined by a comb interval, which is an interval between sub-carriersthrough which an S-PRS is transmitted.

FIG. 18 shows a positioning procedure performed based on an S-PRS,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 18 may becombined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 18 , in step S1810, a transmitting UE may obtaininformation related to determination of a parameter of an S-PRS. Forexample, the information related to determination of a parameter mayinclude at least one of the speed of an apparatus, the distance betweenUEs, the congestion level of a channel, the noise of a channel and/orthe interference level, the accuracy requirement related to apositioning, a positioning service priority, and/or the power of areceived RS. In step S1820, a transmitting UE may determine a parameterrelated to an S-PRS based on the information related to determination ofa parameter. For example, a parameter related to the S-PRS may includeat least one of a center frequency, a bandwidth, SCS, the number ofsymbols per S-PRS in the time domain, a comb interval in the frequencydomain, a transmission period of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set, thetransmission number of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set, the distribution of anS-PRS or an S-PRS set, whether muting function is activated, and/or atransmission power. In step S1830, a transmitting UE may transmit anS-PRS to a receiving UE based on a determined S-PRS parameter. In stepS1840, a transmitting UE and/or a receiving UE may perform positioningbased on an S-PRS. For example, a positioning may include positioningperformed based on round trip time (RTT).

FIG. 19 shows a positioning procedure performed based on S-PRS,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment ofFIG. 19 may be combined with various embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

Referring to FIG. 19 , in step S1910, a receiving UE may transmitinformation related to determination of a parameter to a transmittingUE. For example, the information related to the determination of aparameter may include at least one of the speed of an apparatus, thedistance between UEs, the congestion level of a channel, the level ofnoise and/or the interference in a channel, the accuracy requirementsrelated to the location, the location service priority, and/or thestrength of a received RS. In step S1920, a transmitting UE maydetermine a parameter related to an S-PRS based on the informationrelated to the determination of a parameter. For example, a parameterrelated to an S-PRS may include at least one of a center frequency, abandwidth, SCS, the number of symbols per S-PRS in the time domain, acomb interval in the frequency domain, a transmission period of an S-PRSor an S-PRS set, the number of transmissions of an S-PRS or an S-PRSset, the distribution of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set, whether the mutingfunction is activated, and/or transmit power. In step S1930, atransmitting UE may transmit an S-PRS to a receiving UE based on thedetermined S-PRS parameter. In step S1940, a transmitting UE and/or areceiving UE may perform positioning based on the S-PRS. For example,the positioning may include positioning performed based on round triptime (RTT).

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, based onmeasurement values affecting a parameter selection related to the S-PRStransmission, a UE may determine an S-PRS transmission parameteraccording to the following rule.

1) Center Frequency

For example, if the movement speed of a transmitting SL entity and/or areceiving SL entity is above a certain threshold, and/or if apositioning must be able to be performed even if above a certainthreshold, since a wide SCS can be used, a relatively high centerfrequency can be selected. For example, the high center frequency mayinclude a frequency range 2 (FR2) band of 6 GHz or higher and/or 60 GHz.

For example, if the distance between a transmitting SL entity and areceiving SL entity is less than or equal to a certain threshold, and/orit is necessary that positioning can be performed even if the distanceis less than or equal to a certain threshold, a relatively high centerfrequency that supports only narrow coverage may be selected.

For example, when the channel congestion level is above a certainthreshold, and/or when positioning should be able to be performed evenif it is above a certain threshold, a relatively high center frequencycapable of positioning in a short time domain may be selected.

For example, when the level of channel noise and/or interference isbelow a certain threshold, a relatively high center frequency may beselected. For example, when a relatively high center frequency isselected, noise power related to an S-PRS may be relatively high byusing a wide bandwidth.

For example, when the required positioning accuracy is greater than orequal to a specific threshold, a relatively high center frequency thatprovides relatively high positioning accuracy by using a wide bandwidthmay be selected.

For example, if the priority of a positioning service provided throughS-PRS-based positioning is above a specific threshold, a relatively highcenter frequency supporting a short transmission latency throughtransmission in a short time domain may be selected.

For example, when the signal power level of a received S-PRS is equal toor greater than a specific threshold, a relatively high frequency may beselected. For example, when a relatively high frequency is selected,noise power related to an S-PRS may be relatively high by using a widebandwidth.

For example, when the above condition is not satisfied or a conditionopposite to the above condition is satisfied, a relatively low centerfrequency may be selected. For example, the relatively low centerfrequency may include a frequency of FR1 6 GHz or less.

2) Bandwidth

For example, if the movement speed of a transmitting SL entity and/or areceiving SL entity is above a certain threshold, or if positioning mustbe able to be performed even if above a certain threshold, since a wideSCS can be used, a relatively wide bandwidth can be selected.

For example, if the distance between a transmitting SL entity and areceiving SL entity is less than or equal to a certain threshold, or ifpositioning should be able to be performed even if it is less than orequal to a certain threshold, a relatively wide bandwidth supportingonly a narrow coverage for transmission in a short time domain may beselected.

For example, when the channel congestion level is greater than or equalto a specific threshold or when positioning must be performed even whenthe channel congestion is greater than or equal to a specific threshold,a relatively wide bandwidth supporting positioning in a short timedomain may be selected.

For example, when the level of channel noise and/or interference isbelow a certain threshold, a relatively wide bandwidth may be selected.For example, if a relatively wide bandwidth is selected, the noise powerrelated to an S-PRS may be relatively high.

For example, when the required positioning accuracy is greater than orequal to a specific threshold, a relatively wide bandwidth providingrelatively high positioning accuracy may be selected by using a widebandwidth.

For example, when the priority of a positioning service provided throughan S-PRS-based positioning is greater than or equal to a specificthreshold, a relatively wide bandwidth may be selected. For example,when a relatively wide bandwidth is selected, an S-PRS may betransmitted at a short time interval, and thus a short transmissiondelay may be supported.

For example, when the signal power level of an S-PRS received by a UE isequal to or greater than a specific threshold, a relatively widebandwidth may be selected. For example, if a relatively wide bandwidthis selected, noise power related to a transmitted S-PRS may be high dueto the use of the wide bandwidth.

For example, when the condition is not satisfied or a condition oppositeto the condition is satisfied, a relatively narrow bandwidth may beselected.

3) SCS

For example, if the movement speed of a transmitting SL entity and/or areceiving SL entity is above a certain threshold, or if positioning mustbe able to be performed even if above a certain threshold, a relativelywide SCS that is robust to the Doppler effect may be selected.

For example, if the distance between a transmitting SL entity and areceiving SL entity is less than or equal to a certain threshold, or ifpositioning should be able to be performed even if it is less than orequal to a certain threshold, a relatively wide SCS supporting onlynarrow coverage with short time domain transmission may be selected.

For example, when the channel congestion level is greater than or equalto a specific threshold or when positioning must be performed even whenthe channel congestion is greater than or equal to a specific threshold,a relatively wide SCS supporting positioning in a short time domain maybe selected.

For example, when the level of channel noise and/or interference is lessthan or equal to a specific threshold, a relatively wide SCS may beselected. For example, when a relatively wide SCS is selected, noisepower related to a transmitted S-PRS may increase due to use of a widebandwidth.

For example, when the required positioning accuracy is greater than orequal to a specific threshold, a relatively wide SCS providing arelatively high positioning accuracy may be selected.

For example, when the priority of a positioning service provided throughan S-PRS-based positioning is greater than or equal to a specificthreshold, a relatively wide SCS supporting a short transmission delayby transmitting in a short time domain may be selected.

For example, when the signal power level of a received S-PRS is greaterthan or equal to a specific threshold, a relatively wide SCS may beselected. For example, when a relatively wide SCS is selected, noisepower related to a transmitted S-PRS may increase due to use of a widebandwidth.

For example, when the above condition is not satisfied or a conditionopposite to the above condition is satisfied, a relatively narrow SCSmay be selected.

4) The Number of Symbols Per S-PRS in the Time Domain

For example, if the movement speed of a transmitting SL entity and/or aereceiving SL entity is above a certain threshold, or if positioning mustbe able to be performed even if above a certain threshold, a relativelysmall number of S-PRS symbols may be selected to be robust to theDoppler effect.

For example, when the distance between a transmitting SL entity and areceiving SL entity is less than or equal to a certain threshold, orwhen positioning should be able to be performed even when the distanceis less than or equal to a certain threshold, due to the short timedomain transmission, a relatively low number of S-PRS symbols havingrelatively low overall S-PRS energy may be selected.

For example, when the channel congestion level is greater than or equalto a specific threshold or when positioning must be performed even whenthe channel congestion is greater than or equal to a specific threshold,a relatively small number of S-PRS symbols supporting positioning in ashort time domain may be selected.

For example, when the level of channel noise and/or interference is lessthan or equal to a specific threshold, a relatively small number ofS-PRS symbols having relatively low energy of entire S-PRS for shorttime domain transmission may be selected.

For example, if the required positioning accuracy is allowed to operateeven below a certain threshold, since the energy of entire S-PRS isrelatively low due to short time domain transmission, a relatively smallnumber of S-PRS symbols providing low positioning accuracy may beselected.

For example, when the priority of a positioning service provided throughS-PRS-based positioning is greater than or equal to a specificthreshold, a relatively small number of S-PRS symbols that support ashort transmission delay by transmitting in a short time domain may beselected.

For example, when the signal power level of a received S-PRS is greaterthan a specific threshold, since the SNR of a transmission channel ishigh, a relatively small number of S-PRS symbols having relatively lowoverall S-PRS energy for short time domain transmission may be selected.

For example, when the condition is not satisfied or a condition oppositeto the condition is satisfied, a relatively large number of S-PRSsymbols may be selected.

5) Comb Interval in the Frequency Domain

For example, if the movement speed of a transmitting SL entity and/or areceiving SL entity is above a certain threshold, or if positioning mustbe able to be performed even if above a certain threshold, a relativelywide comb interval may be selected in order to minimize S-PRSinterference with a subcarrier transmitting data caused by Dopplerspread.

For example, when the distance between a transmitting SL entity and areceiving SL entity is less than or equal to a certain threshold, orwhen positioning should be able to be performed even when the distanceis less than or equal to a certain threshold, a relatively wide combinterval supporting only a relatively short delay spread for transportchannel estimation may be selected.

For example, when the channel congestion level or the number of UEscapable of simultaneously performing a positioning service is greaterthan or equal to a specific threshold, or when positioning must beperformed even when the number of UEs is greater than or equal to aspecific threshold, a relatively wide comb interval supportingmultiplexing in the frequency domain for a large number of S-PRSs at thesame time may be selected.

For example, when the level of channel noise and/or interference isgreater than or equal to a specific threshold, a relatively wide combinterval may be selected to enable relatively high power boosting for anS-PRS subcarrier.

For example, when positioning is allowed even when the requiredpositioning accuracy is less than or equal to a specific threshold, arelatively wide comb interval supporting only a relatively short delaydistribution for a transmission channel estimation may be selected.

For example, if the priority of a positioning service provided throughan S-PRS-based positioning is above a specific threshold, in order touse a wide bandwidth supporting a short transmission delay through shorttime domain transmission, a relatively wide comb interval having arelatively low overhead of an S-PRS may be selected.

For example, when the signal power level of a received S-PRS is equal toor greater than a specific threshold, a relatively wide comb intervalhaving a relatively low overhead of an S-PRS may be selected. Forexample, when a relatively wide comb interval is selected, noise powerrelated to a transmitted S-PRS may be relatively high due to use of awide bandwidth.

For example, when the above condition is not satisfied or a conditionopposite to the above condition is satisfied, a relatively narrow combinterval may be selected.

6) A Transmission Period of an S-PRS or an S-PRS Set

For example, if the movement speed of a transmitting SL entity and/or areceiving SL entity is above a certain threshold, or if positioning mustbe able to be performed even if above a certain threshold, since theposition of an SL entity continues to change, a relatively shorttransmission period of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set may be selected.

For example, when the distance between a transmitting SL entity and areceiving SL entity is less than or equal to a certain threshold, orwhen positioning should be able to be performed even when the distanceis less than or equal to a certain threshold, since the location of anSL entity needs to be identified within a short time to avoid collision,a relatively short S-PRS or S-PRS set transmission period may beselected.

For example, when the channel congestion level is less than or equal toa specific threshold, a relatively short transmission period of an S-PRSor an S-PRS set in which overhead due to S-PRS is relatively increasedmay be selected.

For example, when the level of channel noise and/or interference isgreater than or equal to a specific threshold, a relatively shorttransmission period of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set may be selected tofacilitate obtaining a combining gain using a plurality of S-PRSs.

For example, if the required positioning accuracy is above a certainthreshold, a relatively short transmission period of an S-PRS or anS-PRS set may be selected so that positioning accuracy may be increasedthrough a combining gain using a plurality of S-PRSs.

For example, when the priority of a positioning service provided throughS-PRS-based positioning is greater than or equal to a specificthreshold, a relatively short transmission period of an S-PRS or anS-PRS set may be selected to reduce positioning delay.

For example, when the signal power level of a received S-PRS is lessthan or equal to a specific threshold, a relatively short transmissionperiod of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set may be selected. For example, when arelatively short transmission period of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set isselected, it may be easy to obtain a combining gain using a plurality ofS-PRSs. For example, when a relatively short transmission period of anS-PRS or an S-PRS set is selected, noise power related to a transmittedS-PRS may be relatively high.

For example, when the condition is not satisfied or a condition oppositeto the condition is satisfied, a relatively long transmission period ofan S-PRS or an S-PRS set may be selected.

7) Transmission Number of an S-PRS or an S-PRS Set

For example, if the movement speed of a transmitting SL entity and/or areceiving SL entity is above a certain threshold, or if positioning mustbe able to be performed even if above a certain threshold, since thelocation of an SL entity continues to change, a relatively high numberof transmissions of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set may be selected.

For example, when the distance between a transmitting SL entity and areceiving SL entity is less than or equal to a certain threshold, orwhen positioning should be able to be performed even when the distanceis less than or equal to a certain threshold, since the location of anSL entity needs to be identified within a short time to avoid collision,a relatively high number of transmissions of an S-PRS or an S-PRS setmay be selected.

For example, when the channel congestion is below a certain threshold, arelatively high number of transmissions of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set, inwhich the overhead due to an S-PRS is relatively increased, may beselected.

For example, when the level of channel noise and/or interference isgreater than or equal to a specific threshold, a relatively high numberof transmissions of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set may be selected tofacilitate obtaining a combining gain using a plurality of S-PRS.

For example, when the required positioning accuracy is greater than orequal to a specific threshold, a relatively high number of transmissionsof an S-PRS or an S-PRS set can be selected so that the positioningaccuracy can be increased through a combining gain using a plurality ofS-PRS.

For example, when the priority of a positioning service provided throughan S-PRS-based positioning is equal to or greater than a specificthreshold, a relatively high number of transmissions of an S-PRS or anS-PRS set may be selected in order to reduce the positioning delay.

For example, when the received signal power level of an S-PRS is lessthan or equal to a specific threshold, a relatively high number oftransmissions of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set may be selected. For example,when a relatively high number of transmissions of an S-PRS or an S-PRSset is selected, it may be easy to obtain a combining gain using aplurality of S-PRSs. For example, when a relatively high number oftransmissions of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set is selected, noise powerrelated to a transmitted S-PRS may be relatively high.

For example, when the condition is not satisfied or a condition oppositeto the condition is satisfied, a relatively low number of transmissionsof an S-PRS or an S-PRS set may be selected.

8) The Distribution of an S-PRS or an S-PRS Set

For example, if the movement speed of a transmitting SL entity and/or areceiving SL entity is above a certain threshold, or if positioning mustbe able to be performed even if above a certain threshold, since theposition of an SL entity continues to change, transmission of an S-PRSor an S-PRS set, which is a relatively dense burst form, may beselected.

For example, when the distance between a transmitting SL entity and areceiving SL entity is less than or equal to a certain threshold, orwhen positioning should be able to be performed even when the distanceis less than or equal to a certain threshold, in order to avoidcollision, etc., the location of an SL entity needs to be identifiedwithin a short time, so transmission of a relatively dense burst form,an S-PRS or an S-PRS set, may be selected.

For example, when the channel congestion level is less than or equal toa specific threshold, transmission of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set, which isa relatively dense burst form in which the overhead by an S-PRS isrelatively increased, may be selected.

For example, when the level of channel noise and/or interference isgreater than or equal to a specific threshold, transmission of arelatively dense burst form, an S-PRS or an S-PRS set transmission maybe selected to facilitate obtaining a combining gain using a pluralityof S-PRSs.

For example, if the required positioning accuracy is above a certainthreshold, transmission of a relatively dense burst form, an S-PRS or anS-PRS set, may be selected to increase positioning accuracy through acombining gain using a plurality of S-PRSs.

For example, when the priority of a positioning service provided throughan S-PRS-based positioning is greater than or equal to a specificthreshold, a transmission of a relatively dense burst form, an S-PRS oran S-PRS set, may be selected to reduce positioning delay.

For example, when the received signal power level of an S-PRS is lessthan or equal to a specific threshold, transmission of an S-PRS or anS-PRS set in a relatively dense burst form may be selected. For example,when transmission of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set, which is a relativelydense burst form, is selected, it may be easy to obtain a combining gainusing a plurality of S-PRSs. For example, when transmission of an S-PRSor an S-PRS set, which is a relatively dense burst form, is selected,noise power related to a transmitted S-PRS may be relatively high.

For example, when the condition is not satisfied or a condition oppositeto the condition is satisfied, transmission of a relatively distributedform, an S-PRS or an S-PRS set may be selected.

9) Muting

For example, a muting function may be a function to prevent anotherspecific SL entity from transmitting an S-PRS when an arbitrary SLentity transmits an S-PRS.

For example, when the moving speed of a transmitting SL entity and/or areceiving SL entity is above a specific threshold, or when positioningshould be able to be performed even when above a specific threshold, amuting function may be activated to minimize the decrease in positioningperformance due to the Doppler effect.

For example, when the distance between a transmitting SL entity and areceiving SL entity is less than or equal to a certain threshold, orwhen positioning should be able to be performed even when the distanceis less than or equal to a certain threshold, since the density of a UEincreases, a muting function may be activated to control simultaneousS-PRS transmission.

For example, when the channel congestion level is greater than or equalto a specific threshold, a muting function may be activated to controlsimultaneous S-PRS transmission because a UE density increases.

For example, when the level of channel noise and/or interference isgreater than or equal to a specific threshold, a muting function may beactivated to increase positioning performance according to receptionperformance of an S-PRS.

For example, when the required positioning accuracy is greater than orequal to a specific threshold, a muting function may be activated toincrease positioning performance according to a reception performance ofan S-PRS.

For example, when the priority of the positioning service providedthrough an S-PRS-based positioning is greater than or equal to aspecific threshold, a muting function may be activated to increasepositioning performance according to a reception performance of anS-PRS.

For example, when the received signal power level of an S-PRS is lessthan or equal to a specific threshold, a muting function may beactivated to increase positioning performance according to a receptionperformance of an S-PRS.

For example, when the above condition is not satisfied or a conditionopposite to the above condition is satisfied, a muting function may bedeactivated.

10) Transmission Power

For example, if the movement speed of a transmitting SL entity and/or areceiving SL entity is above a certain threshold, or if positioning mustbe able to be performed even if above a certain threshold, a relativelyhigh transmission power may be selected in order to minimize theinterference of an S-PRS on a subcarrier transmitting data caused byDoppler spread.

For example, when the distance between a transmitting SL entity and areceiving SL entity is greater than or equal to a specific threshold, orwhen positioning should be able to be performed even when the distanceis greater than or equal to a specific threshold, a relatively hightransmit power may be selected to compensate for a decrease in S-PRSreceived power by a transmit channel.

For example, when the channel congestion or the number of UEs capable ofsimultaneously performing a positioning service is less than or equal toa specific threshold, or when positioning must be performed even whenthe number of UEs is less than or equal to a specific threshold, arelatively high transmission power may be selected because a relativelyhigh interference may be tolerated for communication and positioning ofother SL entities.

For example, when the level of channel noise and/or interference isgreater than or equal to a specific threshold, a relatively hightransmission power may be selected in order to increase positioningperformance according to reception performance of an S-PRS.

For example, when the required positioning accuracy is greater than orequal to a specific threshold, a relatively high transmission power maybe selected to increase positioning performance according to a receptionperformance of an S-PRS.

For example, when the priority of a positioning service provided throughan S-PRS-based positioning is greater than or equal to a specificthreshold, in order to increase the positioning performance according toa reception performance of an S-PRS, a relatively high transmissionpower in which overhead of an S-PRS is relatively low may be selected.

For example, when the signal power level of a received S-PRS is lessthan a specific threshold, since there is a high probability that arelatively distant SL entity has transmitted an S-PRS, in order toincrease the positioning performance according to the receptionperformance of an S-PRS, a relatively high transmission power in whichoverhead of an S-PRS is relatively low may be selected.

For example, when the condition is not satisfied or a condition oppositeto the condition is satisfied, a relatively low transmission power maybe selected.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, with respect tothe conditions related to 1) to 10) described in the above embodimentand the selection of parameters corresponding thereto, a parameteropposite to the parameter may be selected for the same condition.

In this disclosure, a method in which a UE or a UE type RSU can optimizeand select a transmission parameter of an S-PRS to be transmitted forpositioning in consideration of the surrounding transmission channelconditions and its own movement speed has been proposed, without relyingon scheduling or indication by a base station or a location server.

FIG. 20 shows a positioning procedure performed based on an S-PRS,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment ofFIG. 20 may be combined with various embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

Referring to FIG. 20 , in step S2010, a base station and/or a locationserver may transmit parameters related to an S-PRS to a transmitting UE.For example, a parameter related to an S-PRS may include at least one ofa center frequency, a bandwidth, SCS, the number of symbols per S-PRS inthe time domain, a comb interval in the frequency domain, a transmissionperiod of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set, the transmission number of an S-PRSor an S-PRS set, a distribution of an S-PRS or an S-PRS set, whether amuting operation is activated, and/or a transmission power. In stepS2020, a transmitting UE may transmit an S-PRS to a receiving UE basedon a parameter related to an S-PRS. In step S2030, a transmitting UEand/or a receiving UE may perform positioning based on an S-PRS. Forexample, the positioning may include RTT-based positioning. In stepS2040, a receiving UE may transmit information related to parameterdetermination to a transmitting UE. For example, the information relatedto determination of a parameter may include at least one of the speed ofan apparatus, the distance between UEs, the congestion level of achannel, the level of noise and/or interference in a channel, theaccuracy requirements related to the location, the location servicepriority, and/or the strength of a received RS. In step S2050, atransmitting UE may determine a parameter related to an S-PRS based oninformation related to determination of a parameter. In step S2060, atransmitting UE may transmit an S-PRS to a receiving UE based on thedetermined S-PRS parameter. In step S2070, a transmitting UE and/or areceiving UE may perform positioning based on an S-PRS. For example, thepositioning may include positioning performed based on RTT.

FIG. 21 shows a procedure for a first apparatus to transmit an S-PRSaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment ofFIG. 21 may be combined with various embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

Referring to FIG. 21 , in step S2110, a first apparatus may determine atransmission parameter related to a sidelink positioning referencesignal (S-PRS), based on information obtained by the first apparatus. Instep S2120, the first apparatus may transmit the S-PRS based on thetransmission parameter. For example, the information obtained by thefirst apparatus may include at least one of a movement speed of thefirst apparatus, a distance between the first apparatus and a secondapparatus, a congestion level of a channel related to the S-PRS, a noiseof the channel related to the S-PRS, an interference level of thechannel related to the S-PRS, an accuracy required for positioningrelated to the S-PRS, a priority of the positioning related to theS-PRS, or a power of a signal related to the S-PRS, and the transmissionparameter may include at least one of a first center frequency relatedto the S-PRS, a distribution form related to the transmission of theS-PRS, whether to perform a muting operation preventing a transmissionof an S-PRS by the second apparatus, or a first transmit power relatedto the S-PRS.

For example, additionally, the first apparatus may receive informationobtained by the first apparatus from the second apparatus.

For example, the first center frequency may be higher than a secondcenter frequency related to a movement speed of the first apparatus orthe second apparatus which is less than a first threshold value, basedon a movement speed of the first apparatus or the second apparatus whichis equal to or greater than the first threshold value.

For example, a first bandwidth related to the S-PRS may be broader thana second bandwidth related to a movement speed of the first apparatus orthe second apparatus which is less than a first threshold value, basedon a movement speed of the first apparatus or the second apparatus whichis equal to or greater than the first threshold value.

For example, a first subcarrier spacing (SCS) related to the S-PRS maybe broader than a second SCS related to a movement speed of the firstapparatus or the second apparatus which is less than a first thresholdvalue, based on a movement speed of the first apparatus or the secondapparatus which is equal to or greater than the first threshold value.

For example, a first symbol number related to the S-PRS may be less thana second symbol number related to a movement speed of the firstapparatus or the second apparatus which is less than a first thresholdvalue, based on a movement speed of the first apparatus or the secondapparatus which is equal to or greater than the first threshold value.

For example, the S-PRS may be transmitted in comb form, and a first combinterval related to the comb form may be broader than a second comb formrelated to a movement speed of the first apparatus or the secondapparatus which is less than a first threshold value, based on amovement speed of the first apparatus or the second apparatus which isequal to or greater than the first threshold value.

For example, a first transmission period related to the S-PRS may beshorter than a second transmission period related to a movement speed ofthe first apparatus or the second apparatus which is less than a firstthreshold value, based on a movement speed of the first apparatus or thesecond apparatus which is equal to or greater than the first thresholdvalue.

For example, a first transmission number related to the S-PRS may begreater than a second transmission number related to a movement speed ofthe first apparatus or the second apparatus which is less than a firstthreshold value, based on a movement speed of the first apparatus or thesecond apparatus which is equal to or greater than the first thresholdvalue.

For example, the distribution form related to the S-PRS may be a burstform, based on a movement speed of the first apparatus or the secondapparatus which is equal to or greater than a first threshold value.

For example, additionally, the first apparatus may perform the mutingoperation, based on a movement of the first apparatus or the secondapparatus which is equal to or greater than a first threshold value.

For example, the first transmit power may be higher than a secondtransmit power related to a movement of the first apparatus or thesecond apparatus which is less than a first threshold value, based on amovement speed of the first apparatus or the second apparatus which isequal to or greater than the first threshold value.

For example, the first center frequency may be higher than the secondcenter frequency, based on: the distance between the first apparatus andthe second apparatus which is equal to or shorter than a secondthreshold value, the congestion level of the channel which is equal toor greater than a third threshold value, the noise or the interferencelevel which is equal to or less than a fourth threshold value, theaccuracy required for the positioning which is equal to or higher than afifth threshold value, the priority of the positioning which is equal toor higher than a sixth threshold value, or the power of a signal relatedto the S-PRS which is equal to or greater than a seventh thresholdvalue.

The above-described embodiment may be applied to various apparatuses tobe described below. A processor 102 of a first apparatus 100 maydetermine a transmission parameter related to a sidelink positioningreference signal (S-PRS), based on information obtained by the firstapparatus 100. And, the processor 102 of the first apparatus 100 maycontrol a transceiver 106 to transmit the S-PRS based on thetransmission parameter.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a first apparatusfor performing sidelink (SL) communication may be proposed. For example,the first apparatus may comprise: one or more memories storinginstructions; one or more transceivers; and one or more processorsconnected to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers.For example, the one or more processors may execute the instructions to:determine a transmission parameter related to a sidelink positioningreference signal (S-PRS), based on information obtained by the firstapparatus; and transmit the S-PRS based on the transmission parameter,wherein the information obtained by the first apparatus includes atleast one of a movement speed of the first apparatus, a distance betweenthe first apparatus and a second apparatus, a congestion level of achannel related to the S-PRS, a noise of the channel related to theS-PRS, an interference level of the channel related to the S-PRS, anaccuracy required for positioning related to the S-PRS, a priority ofthe positioning related to the S-PRS, or a power of a signal related tothe S-PRS, and wherein the transmission parameter includes at least oneof a first center frequency related to the S-PRS, a distribution formrelated to the transmission of the S-PRS, whether to perform a mutingoperation preventing a transmission of an S-PRS by the second apparatus,or a first transmit power related to the S-PRS.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, an apparatusconfigured to control a first user equipment (UE) may be proposed. Forexample, the apparatus may comprise: one or more processors; and one ormore memories operably connectable to the one or more processors andstoring instructions, wherein the one or more processors execute theinstructions to: determine a transmission parameter related to asidelink positioning reference signal (S-PRS), based on informationobtained by the first UE; and transmit the S-PRS based on thetransmission parameter, wherein the information obtained by the first UEincludes at least one of a movement speed of the first UE, a distancebetween the first UE and a second UE, a congestion level of a channelrelated to the S-PRS, a noise of the channel related to the S-PRS, aninterference level of the channel related to the S-PRS, an accuracyrequired for positioning related to the S-PRS, a priority of thepositioning related to the S-PRS, or a power of a signal related to theS-PRS, and wherein the transmission parameter includes at least one of afirst center frequency related to the S-PRS, a distribution form relatedto the transmission of the S-PRS, whether to perform a muting operationpreventing a transmission of an S-PRS by the second UE, or a firsttransmit power related to the S-PRS.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium storing instructions may be proposed.The instructions, when executed, may cause a first apparatus to:determine a transmission parameter related to a sidelink positioningreference signal (S-PRS), based on information obtained by the firstapparatus; and transmit the S-PRS based on the transmission parameter,wherein the information obtained by the first apparatus includes atleast one of a movement speed of the first apparatus, a distance betweenthe first apparatus and a second apparatus, a congestion level of achannel related to the S-PRS, a noise of the channel related to theS-PRS, an interference level of the channel related to the S-PRS, anaccuracy required for positioning related to the S-PRS, a priority ofthe positioning related to the S-PRS, or a power of a signal related tothe S-PRS, and wherein the transmission parameter includes at least oneof a first center frequency related to the S-PRS, a distribution formrelated to the transmission of the S-PRS, whether to perform a mutingoperation preventing a transmission of an S-PRS by the second apparatus,or a first transmit power related to the S-PRS.

FIG. 22 shows a procedure for a first apparatus to receive an S-PRSaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment ofFIG. 22 may be combined with various embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

Referring to FIG. 22 , in step S2210, a second apparatus may receive asidelink positioning reference signal (S-PRS) from a first apparatus.For example, a transmission parameter related to the S-PRS may bedetermined, based on information obtained by the first apparatus, theS-PRS may be transmitted from the first apparatus, based on thetransmission parameter, the information obtained by the first apparatusmay include at least one of a movement speed of the first apparatus, adistance between the first apparatus and a second apparatus, acongestion level of a channel related to the S-PRS, a noise of thechannel related to the S-PRS, an interference level of the channelrelated to the S-PRS, an accuracy required for positioning related tothe S-PRS, a priority of the positioning related to the S-PRS, or apower of a signal related to the S-PRS, and the transmission parametermay include at least one of a first center frequency related to theS-PRS, a distribution form related to the transmission of the S-PRS,whether to perform a muting operation preventing a transmission of anS-PRS by the second apparatus, or a first transmit power related to theS-PRS.

For example, the first center frequency may be higher than a secondcenter frequency related to a movement speed of the first apparatus orthe second apparatus which is less than a first threshold value, basedon a movement speed of the first apparatus or the second apparatus whichis equal to or greater than the first threshold value.

The above-described embodiment may be applied to various apparatuses tobe described below. For example, a processor 202 of a second apparatusmay control a transceiver 206 to receive a sidelink positioningreference signal (S-PRS) from a first apparatus 100.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a second apparatusfor performing sidelink (SL) communication may be proposed. For example,the second apparatus may comprise: one or more memories storinginstructions; one or more transceivers; and one or more processorsconnected to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers,wherein the one or more processors execute the instructions to: receivea sidelink positioning reference signal (S-PRS) from a first apparatus,wherein a transmission parameter related to the S-PRS is determined,based on information obtained by the first apparatus, wherein the S-PRSis transmitted from the first apparatus, based on the transmissionparameter, wherein the information obtained by the first apparatusincludes at least one of a movement speed of the first apparatus, adistance between the first apparatus and a second apparatus, acongestion level of a channel related to the S-PRS, a noise of thechannel related to the S-PRS, an interference level of the channelrelated to the S-PRS, an accuracy required for positioning related tothe S-PRS, a priority of the positioning related to the S-PRS, or apower of a signal related to the S-PRS, and wherein the transmissionparameter includes at least one of a first center frequency related tothe S-PRS, a distribution form related to the transmission of the S-PRS,whether to perform a muting operation preventing a transmission of anS-PRS by the second apparatus, or a first transmit power related to theS-PRS.

For example, the first center frequency may be higher than a secondcenter frequency related to a movement speed of the first apparatus orthe second apparatus which is less than a first threshold value, basedon a movement speed of the first apparatus or the second apparatus whichis equal to or greater than the first threshold value.

Hereinafter, an apparatus to which various embodiments of the presentdisclosure can be applied will be described.

The various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods,and/or operational flowcharts of the present disclosure described inthis document may be applied to, without being limited to, a variety offields requiring wireless communication/connection (e.g., 5G) betweendevices.

Hereinafter, a description will be given in more detail with referenceto the drawings. In the following drawings/description, the samereference symbols may denote the same or corresponding hardware blocks,software blocks, or functional blocks unless described otherwise.

FIG. 23 shows a communication system 1, in accordance with an embodimentof the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 23 , a communication system 1 to which variousembodiments of the present disclosure are applied includes wirelessdevices, Base Stations (BSs), and a network. Herein, the wirelessdevices represent devices performing communication using Radio AccessTechnology (RAT) (e.g., 5G New RAT (NR)) or Long-Term Evolution (LTE))and may be referred to as communication/radio/5G devices. The wirelessdevices may include, without being limited to, a robot 100 a, vehicles100 b-1 and 100 b-2, an eXtended Reality (XR) device 100 c, a hand-helddevice 100 d, a home appliance 100 e, an Internet of Things (IoT) device100 f, and an Artificial Intelligence (AI) device/server 400. Forexample, the vehicles may include a vehicle having a wirelesscommunication function, an autonomous vehicle, and a vehicle capable ofperforming communication between vehicles. Herein, the vehicles mayinclude an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR devicemay include an Augmented Reality (AR)/Virtual Reality (VR)/Mixed Reality(MR) device and may be implemented in the form of a Head-Mounted Device(HMD), a Head-Up Display (HUD) mounted in a vehicle, a television, asmartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance device, adigital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The hand-held device mayinclude a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatchor a smartglasses), and a computer (e.g., a notebook). The homeappliance may include a TV, a refrigerator, and a washing machine. TheIoT device may include a sensor and a smartmeter. For example, the BSsand the network may be implemented as wireless devices and a specificwireless device 200 a may operate as a BS/network node with respect toother wireless devices.

Here, wireless communication technology implemented in wireless devices100 a to 100 f of the present disclosure may include Narrowband Internetof Things for low-power communication in addition to LTE, NR, and 6G. Inthis case, for example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of Low PowerWide Area Network (LPWAN) technology and may be implemented as standardssuch as LTE Cat NB1, and/or LTE Cat NB2, and is not limited to the namedescribed above. Additionally or alternatively, the wirelesscommunication technology implemented in the wireless devices 100 a to100 f of the present disclosure may perform communication based on LTE-Mtechnology. In this case, as an example, the LTE-M technology may be anexample of the LPWAN and may be called by various names includingenhanced Machine Type Communication (eMTC), and the like. For example,the LTE-M technology may be implemented as at least any one of variousstandards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTEnon-Bandwidth Limited (non-BL), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE Machine TypeCommunication, and/or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the name describedabove. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communicationtechnology implemented in the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f of thepresent disclosure may include at least one of Bluetooth, Low Power WideArea Network (LPWAN), and ZigBee considering the low-powercommunication, and is not limited to the name described above. As anexample, the ZigBee technology may generate personal area networks (PAN)related to small/low-power digital communication based on variousstandards including IEEE 802.15.4, and the like, and may be called byvarious names.

The wireless devices 100 a to 100 f may be connected to the network 300via the BSs 200. An AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices100 a to 100 f and the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f may be connectedto the AI server 400 via the network 300. The network 300 may beconfigured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, or a 5G (e.g.,NR) network. Although the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f maycommunicate with each other through the BSs 200/network 300, thewireless devices 100 a to 100 f may perform direct communication (e.g.,sidelink communication) with each other without passing through theBSs/network. For example, the vehicles 100 b-1 and 100 b-2 may performdirect communication (e.g. Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V)/Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). The IoT device (e.g.,a sensor) may perform direct communication with other IoT devices (e.g.,sensors) or other wireless devices 100 a to 100 f.

Wireless communication/connections 150 a, 150 b, or 150 c may beestablished between the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f/BS 200, or BS200/BS 200. Herein, the wireless communication/connections may beestablished through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR) such as uplink/downlinkcommunication 150 a, sidelink communication 150 b (or, D2Dcommunication), or inter BS communication(e.g. relay, Integrated AccessBackhaul(IAB)). The wireless devices and the BSs/the wireless devicesmay transmit/receive radio signals to/from each other through thewireless communication/connections 150 a and 150 b. For example, thewireless communication/connections 150 a and 150 b may transmit/receivesignals through various physical channels. To this end, at least a partof various configuration information configuring processes, varioussignal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding/decoding,modulation/demodulation, and resource mapping/demapping), and resourceallocating processes, for transmitting/receiving radio signals, may beperformed based on the various proposals of the present disclosure.

FIG. 24 shows wireless devices, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 24 , a first wireless device 100 and a second wirelessdevice 200 may transmit radio signals through a variety of RATs (e.g.,LTE and NR). Herein, {the first wireless device 100 and the secondwireless device 200} may correspond to {the wireless device 100 x andthe BS 200} and/or {the wireless device 100 x and the wireless device100 x} of FIG. 23 .

The first wireless device 100 may include one or more processors 102 andone or more memories 104 and additionally further include one or moretransceivers 106 and/or one or more antennas 108. The processor(s) 102may control the memory(s) 104 and/or the transceiver(s) 106 and may beconfigured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures,proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in thisdocument. For example, the processor(s) 102 may process informationwithin the memory(s) 104 to generate first information/signals and thentransmit radio signals including the first information/signals throughthe transceiver(s) 106. The processor(s) 102 may receive radio signalsincluding second information/signals through the transceiver 106 andthen store information obtained by processing the secondinformation/signals in the memory(s) 104. The memory(s) 104 may beconnected to the processor(s) 102 and may store a variety of informationrelated to operations of the processor(s) 102. For example, thememory(s) 104 may store software code including commands for performinga part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor(s) 102or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals,methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.Herein, the processor(s) 102 and the memory(s) 104 may be a part of acommunication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE orNR). The transceiver(s) 106 may be connected to the processor(s) 102 andtransmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas 108.Each of the transceiver(s) 106 may include a transmitter and/or areceiver. The transceiver(s) 106 may be interchangeably used with RadioFrequency (RF) unit(s). In the present disclosure, the wireless devicemay represent a communication modem/circuit/chip.

The second wireless device 200 may include one or more processors 202and one or more memories 204 and additionally further include one ormore transceivers 206 and/or one or more antennas 208. The processor(s)202 may control the memory(s) 204 and/or the transceiver(s) 206 and maybe configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures,proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in thisdocument. For example, the processor(s) 202 may process informationwithin the memory(s) 204 to generate third information/signals and thentransmit radio signals including the third information/signals throughthe transceiver(s) 206. The processor(s) 202 may receive radio signalsincluding fourth information/signals through the transceiver(s) 106 andthen store information obtained by processing the fourthinformation/signals in the memory(s) 204. The memory(s) 204 may beconnected to the processor(s) 202 and may store a variety of informationrelated to operations of the processor(s) 202. For example, thememory(s) 204 may store software code including commands for performinga part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor(s) 202or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals,methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.Herein, the processor(s) 202 and the memory(s) 204 may be a part of acommunication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE orNR). The transceiver(s) 206 may be connected to the processor(s) 202 andtransmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas 208.Each of the transceiver(s) 206 may include a transmitter and/or areceiver. The transceiver(s) 206 may be interchangeably used with RFunit(s). In the present disclosure, the wireless device may represent acommunication modem/circuit/chip.

Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless devices 100 and 200 willbe described more specifically. One or more protocol layers may beimplemented by, without being limited to, one or more processors 102 and202. For example, the one or more processors 102 and 202 may implementone or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP,RRC, and SDAP). The one or more processors 102 and 202 may generate oneor more Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and/or one or more Service Data Unit(SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals,methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. Theone or more processors 102 and 202 may generate messages, controlinformation, data, or information according to the descriptions,functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowchartsdisclosed in this document. The one or more processors 102 and 202 maygenerate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs,messages, control information, data, or information according to thedescriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/oroperational flowcharts disclosed in this document and provide thegenerated signals to the one or more transceivers 106 and 206. The oneor more processors 102 and 202 may receive the signals (e.g., basebandsignals) from the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 and acquire thePDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or informationaccording to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals,methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.

The one or more processors 102 and 202 may be referred to ascontrollers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or microcomputers. Theone or more processors 102 and 202 may be implemented by hardware,firmware, software, or a combination thereof. As an example, one or moreApplication Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), one or more DigitalSignal Processors (DSPs), one or more Digital Signal Processing Devices(DSPDs), one or more Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), or one or moreField Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) may be included in the one ormore processors 102 and 202. The descriptions, functions, procedures,proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in thisdocument may be implemented using firmware or software and the firmwareor software may be configured to include the modules, procedures, orfunctions. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions,functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowchartsdisclosed in this document may be included in the one or more processors102 and 202 or stored in the one or more memories 104 and 204 so as tobe driven by the one or more processors 102 and 202. The descriptions,functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowchartsdisclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or softwarein the form of code, commands, and/or a set of commands

The one or more memories 104 and 204 may be connected to the one or moreprocessors 102 and 202 and store various types of data, signals,messages, information, programs, code, instructions, and/or commands Theone or more memories 104 and 204 may be configured by Read-Only Memories(ROMs), Random Access Memories (RAMs), Electrically ErasableProgrammable Read-Only Memories (EPROMs), flash memories, hard drives,registers, cash memories, computer-readable storage media, and/orcombinations thereof. The one or more memories 104 and 204 may belocated at the interior and/or exterior of the one or more processors102 and 202. The one or more memories 104 and 204 may be connected tothe one or more processors 102 and 202 through various technologies suchas wired or wireless connection.

The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may transmit user data, controlinformation, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the methodsand/or operational flowcharts of this document, to one or more otherdevices. The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may receive user data,control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in thedescriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/oroperational flowcharts disclosed in this document, from one or moreother devices. For example, the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 maybe connected to the one or more processors 102 and 202 and transmit andreceive radio signals. For example, the one or more processors 102 and202 may perform control so that the one or more transceivers 106 and 206may transmit user data, control information, or radio signals to one ormore other devices. The one or more processors 102 and 202 may performcontrol so that the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may receiveuser data, control information, or radio signals from one or more otherdevices. The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may be connected tothe one or more antennas 108 and 208 and the one or more transceivers106 and 206 may be configured to transmit and receive user data, controlinformation, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in thedescriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/oroperational flowcharts disclosed in this document, through the one ormore antennas 108 and 208. In this document, the one or more antennasmay be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logicalantennas (e.g., antenna ports). The one or more transceivers 106 and 206may convert received radio signals/channels etc. from RF band signalsinto baseband signals in order to process received user data, controlinformation, radio signals/channels, etc. using the one or moreprocessors 102 and 202. The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 mayconvert the user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc.processed using the one or more processors 102 and 202 from the baseband signals into the RF band signals. To this end, the one or moretransceivers 106 and 206 may include (analog) oscillators and/orfilters.

FIG. 25 shows a signal process circuit for a transmission signal, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 25 , a signal processing circuit 1000 may includescramblers 1010, modulators 1020, a layer mapper 1030, a precoder 1040,resource mappers 1050, and signal generators 1060. An operation/functionof FIG. 25 may be performed, without being limited to, the processors102 and 202 and/or the transceivers 106 and 206 of FIG. 24 . Hardwareelements of FIG. 25 may be implemented by the processors 102 and 202and/or the transceivers 106 and 206 of FIG. 24 . For example, blocks1010 to 1060 may be implemented by the processors 102 and 202 of FIG. 24. Alternatively, the blocks 1010 to 1050 may be implemented by theprocessors 102 and 202 of FIG. 24 and the block 1060 may be implementedby the transceivers 106 and 206 of FIG. 24 .

Codewords may be converted into radio signals via the signal processingcircuit 1000 of FIG. 25 . Herein, the codewords are encoded bitsequences of information blocks. The information blocks may includetransport blocks (e.g., a UL-SCH transport block, a DL-SCH transportblock). The radio signals may be transmitted through various physicalchannels (e.g., a PUSCH and a PDSCH).

Specifically, the codewords may be converted into scrambled bitsequences by the scramblers 1010. Scramble sequences used for scramblingmay be generated based on an initialization value, and theinitialization value may include ID information of a wireless device.The scrambled bit sequences may be modulated to modulation symbolsequences by the modulators 1020. A modulation scheme may includepi/2-Binary Phase Shift Keying (pi/2-BPSK), m-Phase Shift Keying(m-PSK), and m-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (m-QAM). Complexmodulation symbol sequences may be mapped to one or more transportlayers by the layer mapper 1030. Modulation symbols of each transportlayer may be mapped (precoded) to corresponding antenna port(s) by theprecoder 1040. Outputs z of the precoder 1040 may be obtained bymultiplying outputs y of the layer mapper 1030 by an N*M precodingmatrix W. Herein, N is the number of antenna ports and M is the numberof transport layers. The precoder 1040 may perform precoding afterperforming transform precoding (e.g., DFT) for complex modulationsymbols. Alternatively, the precoder 1040 may perform precoding withoutperforming transform precoding.

The resource mappers 1050 may map modulation symbols of each antennaport to time-frequency resources. The time-frequency resources mayinclude a plurality of symbols (e.g., a CP-OFDMA symbols and DFT-s-OFDMAsymbols) in the time domain and a plurality of subcarriers in thefrequency domain The signal generators 1060 may generate radio signalsfrom the mapped modulation symbols and the generated radio signals maybe transmitted to other devices through each antenna. For this purpose,the signal generators 1060 may include Inverse Fast Fourier Transform(IFFT) modules, Cyclic Prefix (CP) inserters, Digital-to-AnalogConverters (DACs), and frequency up-converters.

Signal processing procedures for a signal received in the wirelessdevice may be configured in a reverse manner of the signal processingprocedures 1010 to 1060 of FIG. 25 . For example, the wireless devices(e.g., 100 and 200 of FIG. 24 ) may receive radio signals from theexterior through the antenna ports/transceivers. The received radiosignals may be converted into baseband signals through signal restorers.To this end, the signal restorers may include frequency downlinkconverters, Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs), CP remover, and FastFourier Transform (FFT) modules. Next, the baseband signals may berestored to codewords through a resource demapping procedure, apostcoding procedure, a demodulation processor, and a descramblingprocedure. The codewords may be restored to original information blocksthrough decoding. Therefore, a signal processing circuit (notillustrated) for a reception signal may include signal restorers,resource demappers, a postcoder, demodulators, descramblers, anddecoders.

FIG. 26 shows another example of a wireless device, in accordance withan embodiment of the present disclosure. The wireless device may beimplemented in various forms according to a use-case/service (refer toFIG. 23 ).

Referring to FIG. 26 , wireless devices 100 and 200 may correspond tothe wireless devices 100 and 200 of FIG. 24 and may be configured byvarious elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules. Forexample, each of the wireless devices 100 and 200 may include acommunication unit 110, a control unit 120, a memory unit 130, andadditional components 140. The communication unit may include acommunication circuit 112 and transceiver(s) 114. For example, thecommunication circuit 112 may include the one or more processors 102 and202 and/or the one or more memories 104 and 204 of FIG. 24 . Forexample, the transceiver(s) 114 may include the one or more transceivers106 and 206 and/or the one or more antennas 108 and 208 of FIG. 24 . Thecontrol unit 120 is electrically connected to the communication unit110, the memory 130, and the additional components 140 and controlsoverall operation of the wireless devices. For example, the control unit120 may control an electric/mechanical operation of the wireless devicebased on programs/code/commands/information stored in the memory unit130. The control unit 120 may transmit the information stored in thememory unit 130 to the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) viathe communication unit 110 through a wireless/wired interface or store,in the memory unit 130, information received through the wireless/wiredinterface from the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) via thecommunication unit 110.

The additional components 140 may be variously configured according totypes of wireless devices. For example, the additional components 140may include at least one of a power unit/battery, input/output (I/O)unit, a driving unit, and a computing unit. The wireless device may beimplemented in the form of, without being limited to, the robot (100 aof FIG. 23 ), the vehicles (100 b-1 and 100 b-2 of FIG. 23 ), the XRdevice (100 c of FIG. 23 ), the hand-held device (100 d of FIG. 23 ),the home appliance (100 e of FIG. 23 ), the IoT device (100 f of FIG. 23), a digital broadcast terminal, a hologram device, a public safetydevice, an MTC device, a medicine device, a fintech device (or a financedevice), a security device, a climate/environment device, the AIserver/device (400 of FIG. 23 ), the BSs (200 of FIG. 23 ), a networknode, etc. The wireless device may be used in a mobile or fixed placeaccording to a use-example/service.

In FIG. 26 , the entirety of the various elements, components,units/portions, and/or modules in the wireless devices 100 and 200 maybe connected to each other through a wired interface or at least a partthereof may be wirelessly connected through the communication unit 110.For example, in each of the wireless devices 100 and 200, the controlunit 120 and the communication unit 110 may be connected by wire and thecontrol unit 120 and first units (e.g., 130 and 140) may be wirelesslyconnected through the communication unit 110. Each element, component,unit/portion, and/or module within the wireless devices 100 and 200 mayfurther include one or more elements. For example, the control unit 120may be configured by a set of one or more processors. As an example, thecontrol unit 120 may be configured by a set of a communication controlprocessor, an application processor, an Electronic Control Unit (ECU), agraphical processing unit, and a memory control processor. As anotherexample, the memory 130 may be configured by a Random Access Memory(RAM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a Read Only Memory (ROM)), a flash memory,a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, and/or a combination thereof.

Hereinafter, an example of implementing FIG. 26 will be described indetail with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 27 shows a hand-held device, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. The hand-held device may include a smartphone, asmartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch or a smartglasses), or aportable computer (e.g., a notebook). The hand-held device may bereferred to as a mobile station (MS), a user terminal (UT), a MobileSubscriber Station (MSS), a Subscriber Station (SS), an Advanced MobileStation (AMS), or a Wireless Terminal (WT).

Referring to FIG. 27 , a hand-held device 100 may include an antennaunit 108, a communication unit 110, a control unit 120, a memory unit130, a power supply unit 140 a, an interface unit 140 b, and an I/O unit140 c. The antenna unit 108 may be configured as a part of thecommunication unit 110. Blocks 110 to 130/140 a to 140 c correspond tothe blocks 110 to 130/140 of FIG. 26 , respectively.

The communication unit 110 may transmit and receive signals (e.g., dataand control signals) to and from other wireless devices or BSs. Thecontrol unit 120 may perform various operations by controllingconstituent elements of the hand-held device 100. The control unit 120may include an Application Processor (AP). The memory unit 130 may storedata/parameters/programs/code/commands needed to drive the hand-helddevice 100. The memory unit 130 may store input/output data/information.The power supply unit 140 a may supply power to the hand-held device 100and include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. Theinterface unit 140 b may support connection of the hand-held device 100to other external devices. The interface unit 140 b may include variousports (e.g., an audio I/O port and a video I/O port) for connection withexternal devices. The I/O unit 140 c may input or output videoinformation/signals, audio information/signals, data, and/or informationinput by a user. The I/O unit 140 c may include a camera, a microphone,a user input unit, a display unit 140 d, a speaker, and/or a hapticmodule.

As an example, in the case of data communication, the I/O unit 140 c mayacquire information/signals (e.g., touch, text, voice, images, or video)input by a user and the acquired information/signals may be stored inthe memory unit 130. The communication unit 110 may convert theinformation/signals stored in the memory into radio signals and transmitthe converted radio signals to other wireless devices directly or to aBS. The communication unit 110 may receive radio signals from otherwireless devices or the BS and then restore the received radio signalsinto original information/signals. The restored information/signals maybe stored in the memory unit 130 and may be output as various types(e.g., text, voice, images, video, or haptic) through the I/O unit 140c.

FIG. 28 shows a vehicle or an autonomous vehicle, in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure. The vehicle or autonomous vehiclemay be implemented by a mobile robot, a car, a train, a manned/unmannedAerial Vehicle (AV), a ship, etc.

Referring to FIG. 28 , a vehicle or autonomous vehicle 100 may includean antenna unit 108, a communication unit 110, a control unit 120, adriving unit 140 a, a power supply unit 140 b, a sensor unit 140 c, andan autonomous driving unit 140 d. The antenna unit 108 may be configuredas a part of the communication unit 110. The blocks 110/130/140 a to 140d correspond to the blocks 110/130/140 of FIG. 26 , respectively.

The communication unit 110 may transmit and receive signals (e.g., dataand control signals) to and from external devices such as othervehicles, BSs (e.g., gNBs and road side units), and servers. The controlunit 120 may perform various operations by controlling elements of thevehicle or the autonomous vehicle 100. The control unit 120 may includean Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The driving unit 140 a may cause thevehicle or the autonomous vehicle 100 to drive on a road. The drivingunit 140 a may include an engine, a motor, a powertrain, a wheel, abrake, a steering device, etc. The power supply unit 140 b may supplypower to the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle 100 and include awired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. The sensor unit 140 cmay acquire a vehicle state, ambient environment information, userinformation, etc. The sensor unit 140 c may include an InertialMeasurement Unit (IMU) sensor, a collision sensor, a wheel sensor, aspeed sensor, a slope sensor, a weight sensor, a heading sensor, aposition module, a vehicle forward/backward sensor, a battery sensor, afuel sensor, a tire sensor, a steering sensor, a temperature sensor, ahumidity sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an illumination sensor, a pedalposition sensor, etc. The autonomous driving unit 140 d may implementtechnology for maintaining a lane on which a vehicle is driving,technology for automatically adjusting speed, such as adaptive cruisecontrol, technology for autonomously driving along a determined path,technology for driving by automatically setting a path if a destinationis set, and the like.

For example, the communication unit 110 may receive map data, trafficinformation data, etc. from an external server. The autonomous drivingunit 140 d may generate an autonomous driving path and a driving planfrom the obtained data. The control unit 120 may control the drivingunit 140 a such that the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle 100 may movealong the autonomous driving path according to the driving plan (e.g.,speed/direction control). In the middle of autonomous driving, thecommunication unit 110 may aperiodically/periodically acquire recenttraffic information data from the external server and acquiresurrounding traffic information data from neighboring vehicles. In themiddle of autonomous driving, the sensor unit 140 c may obtain a vehiclestate and/or surrounding environment information. The autonomous drivingunit 140 d may update the autonomous driving path and the driving planbased on the newly obtained data/information. The communication unit 110may transfer information about a vehicle position, the autonomousdriving path, and/or the driving plan to the external server. Theexternal server may predict traffic information data using AItechnology, etc., based on the information collected from vehicles orautonomous vehicles and provide the predicted traffic information datato the vehicles or the autonomous vehicles.

Claims in the present description can be combined in a various way. Forinstance, technical features in method claims of the present descriptioncan be combined to be implemented or performed in an apparatus, andtechnical features in apparatus claims can be combined to be implementedor performed in a method. Further, technical features in method claim(s)and apparatus claim(s) can be combined to be implemented or performed inan apparatus. Further, technical features in method claim(s) andapparatus claim(s) can be combined to be implemented or performed in amethod.

1. A method for performing, by a first apparatus, wirelesscommunication, the method comprising: determining a transmissionparameter related to a sidelink positioning reference signal (S-PRS),based on information obtained by the first apparatus; and transmittingthe S-PRS based on the transmission parameter, wherein the informationobtained by the first apparatus includes at least one of a movementspeed of the first apparatus, a distance between the first apparatus anda second apparatus, a congestion level of a channel related to theS-PRS, a noise of the channel related to the S-PRS, an interferencelevel of the channel related to the S-PRS, an accuracy required forpositioning related to the S-PRS, a priority of the positioning relatedto the S-PRS, or a power of a signal related to the S-PRS, and whereinthe transmission parameter includes at least one of a first centerfrequency related to the S-PRS, a distribution form related to thetransmission of the S-PRS, whether to perform a muting operationpreventing a transmission of an S-PRS by the second apparatus, or afirst transmit power related to the S-PRS.
 2. The method of claim 1,further comprising: receiving information obtained by the firstapparatus from the second apparatus.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereinthe first center frequency is higher than a second center frequencyrelated to a movement speed of the first apparatus or the secondapparatus which is less than a first threshold value, based on amovement speed of the first apparatus or the second apparatus which isequal to or greater than the first threshold value.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein a first bandwidth related to the S-PRS is broader thana second bandwidth related to a movement speed of the first apparatus orthe second apparatus which is less than a first threshold value, basedon a movement speed of the first apparatus or the second apparatus whichis equal to or greater than the first threshold value.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein a first subcarrier spacing (SCS) related to the S-PRSis broader than a second SCS related to a movement speed of the firstapparatus or the second apparatus which is less than a first thresholdvalue, based on a movement speed of the first apparatus or the secondapparatus which is equal to or greater than the first threshold value.6. The method of claim 1, wherein a first symbol number related to theS-PRS is less than a second symbol number related to a movement speed ofthe first apparatus or the second apparatus which is less than a firstthreshold value, based on a movement speed of the first apparatus or thesecond apparatus which is equal to or greater than the first thresholdvalue.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the S-PRS is transmitted incomb form, and wherein a first comb interval related to the comb form isbroader than a second comb form related to a movement speed of the firstapparatus or the second apparatus which is less than a first thresholdvalue, based on a movement speed of the first apparatus or the secondapparatus which is equal to or greater than the first threshold value.8. The method of claim 1, wherein a first transmission period related tothe S-PRS is shorter than a second transmission period related to amovement speed of the first apparatus or the second apparatus which isless than a first threshold value, based on a movement speed of thefirst apparatus or the second apparatus which is equal to or greaterthan the first threshold value.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein afirst transmission number related to the S-PRS is greater than a secondtransmission number related to a movement speed of the first apparatusor the second apparatus which is less than a first threshold value,based on a movement speed of the first apparatus or the second apparatuswhich is equal to or greater than the first threshold value.
 10. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the distribution form related to the S-PRS isa burst form, based on a movement speed of the first apparatus or thesecond apparatus which is equal to or greater than a first thresholdvalue.
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: performing themuting operation, based on a movement of the first apparatus or thesecond apparatus which is equal to or greater than a first thresholdvalue.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the first transmit power ishigher than a second transmit power related to a movement of the firstapparatus or the second apparatus which is less than a first thresholdvalue, based on a movement speed of the first apparatus or the secondapparatus which is equal to or greater than the first threshold value.13. The method of claim 3, wherein the first center frequency is higherthan the second center frequency, based on: the distance between thefirst apparatus and the second apparatus which is equal to or shorterthan a second threshold value, the congestion level of the channel whichis equal to or greater than a third threshold value, the noise or theinterference level which is equal to or less than a fourth thresholdvalue, the accuracy required for the positioning which is equal to orhigher than a fifth threshold value, the priority of the positioningwhich is equal to or higher than a sixth threshold value, or the powerof a signal related to the S-PRS which is equal to or greater than aseventh threshold value.
 14. A first apparatus for performing sidelink(SL) communication, the first apparatus comprising: one or more memoriesstoring instructions; one or more transceivers; and one or moreprocessors connected to the one or more memories and the one or moretransceivers, wherein the one or more processors execute theinstructions to: determine a transmission parameter related to asidelink positioning reference signal (S-PRS), based on informationobtained by the first apparatus; and transmit the S-PRS based on thetransmission parameter, wherein the information obtained by the firstapparatus includes at least one of a movement speed of the firstapparatus, a distance between the first apparatus and a secondapparatus, a congestion level of a channel related to the S-PRS, a noiseof the channel related to the S-PRS, an interference level of thechannel related to the S-PRS, an accuracy required for positioningrelated to the S-PRS, a priority of the positioning related to theS-PRS, or a power of a signal related to the S-PRS, and wherein thetransmission parameter includes at least one of a first center frequencyrelated to the S-PRS, a distribution form related to the transmission ofthe S-PRS, whether to perform a muting operation preventing atransmission of an S-PRS by the second apparatus, or a first transmitpower related to the S-PRS.
 15. An apparatus configured to control afirst user equipment (UE), the apparatus comprising: one or moreprocessors; and one or more memories operably connectable to the one ormore processors and storing instructions, wherein the one or moreprocessors execute the instructions to: determine a transmissionparameter related to a sidelink positioning reference signal (S-PRS),based on information obtained by the first UE; and transmit the S-PRSbased on the transmission parameter, wherein the information obtained bythe first UE includes at least one of a movement speed of the first UE,a distance between the first UE and a second UE, a congestion level of achannel related to the S-PRS, a noise of the channel related to theS-PRS, an interference level of the channel related to the S-PRS, anaccuracy required for positioning related to the S-PRS, a priority ofthe positioning related to the S-PRS, or a power of a signal related tothe S-PRS, and wherein the transmission parameter includes at least oneof a first center frequency related to the S-PRS, a distribution formrelated to the transmission of the S-PRS, whether to perform a mutingoperation preventing a transmission of an S-PRS by the second UE, or afirst transmit power related to the S-PRS. 16-20. (canceled)